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Hans Rudolf Leu Regine Schelle 《Early Years: An International Journal of Research and Development》2009,29(1):5-18
This article identifies the responsibilities for early childhood care and education (ECCE) in the German child and youth welfare system and shows the expansion of children's services. The official German statistics demonstrate that almost every child from the age of three to school age attends ‘Kindergarten’. Current policies and measures are therefore mainly focused on extending provision for the under‐threes. There are still enormous differences in the number of places available for children under three years of age between the eastern and western parts of Germany. Due to the increased significance of early education and the educational curricula drafted in all 16 Länder over the past few years, the qualifications required of professional pedagogues today have changed considerably. There is a broad consensus in Germany that it is necessary to redefine the course content and structure and put them on a theoretical basis. The article pinpoints the problems of children with special needs, and especially of those whose family language is not German. Despite some positive developments in German ECCE little progress has been made with regard to effectively implementing the conceptual unity of education, care and upbringing. 相似文献
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本文以组织进化理论的眼光审视了德国大学近三百年的发展历程,从中抽象出德国大学作为一种制度的基本规则,并运用横向与纵向的比较和梳理勾勒出德国大学历史发展背后的脉络.本文指出,德国大学的制度核心,即对德国大学系统构成起到基础性作用的制度规则主要是:国家与大学紧密联系,却又不损害大学本身的学术自由;德国大学在知识上具有极大的包容性,并倡导研究与教学相统一;最后,在德国分权化的政治背景下,大学之间的自由竞争推动了德国高等教育的发展. 相似文献
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Rudolf Bisping Hans Joachim Steingrueber Martine Oltmann Christine Wenk 《Child development》1990,61(4):1218-1229
Variations in the aversiveness of a newborn's distress cry were examined using experimental manipulation of 3 acoustic features of the cry (fundamental frequency, intonation, spectral complexity) and of the information given to subjects about the infant's health status. The subjects (N = 164 medical students) were allowed to control the sound pressure level (range: 50 dB [A]-105 dB[A]) of the different cry versions by repeatedly pressing a button (operant titration). For the nonmanipulated (original) cry version, the accepted sound pressure level decreased as fundamental frequency increased at above 610 Hz. This effect was modified by experimental manipulation of spectral complexity as well as intonation. A preference of intonated cries over monotonous cries was most pronounced between 534 and 686 Hz. Significant interactions of the information variable with the intonation and the complexity variables suggest that the listener's reaction to certain physical cry characteristics can be altered substantially by inducing different cognitive sets. 相似文献
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Rudolf Tippelt 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2000,3(1):7-20
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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