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Groups typically have difficulties drawing inferences that integrate individuals’ unique information (collaborative inferences) and thus yield a true assembly bonus. An experiment with 36 dyads of university-level students in four training conditions showed, particularly in untrained dyads, that collaborative inferences were less likely to be drawn than two other types of inferences that did not require collaborative information processing. Reflected case-based training led to more inferences during subsequent testing. Testing performance was highest if the training had also included explicit strategy instruction in combination with adaptive tutoring. However, explicit strategy instruction without adaptive tutoring offered no advantage. 相似文献
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通过塞麦尔维斯产褥热病原的发现过程,结合大脑形成科学假说的逻辑操作,建构科学假说形成的逻辑操作模型。该模型操作步骤为,面对异常现象,科学家通过搜索和提取、类比和组合创造出与异常现象相似的经验或模型,借助相似经验现象的因果解释形成科学假说,再通过评价和选择得出最佳的科学假说。 相似文献
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数理逻辑是应用数学方法引进一套符号系统来研究抽象思维的形式结构和规律的一门年轻的应用学科,它要求学生要具有高度的抽象思维能力和严谨的数学推理功底.学生反映学习起来比较困难,特别是对推理理论的习题总是感到无从下手,没有解题思路.本文结合教学实践工作给出谓词推理的几种思路. 相似文献
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Elaborative inferences during reading were assessed by means of a naming task and eye-fixation monitoring in low- and high-vocabulary undergraduates. A context sentence was followed by a target word to be named or read. Evidence for inferences involved facilitation in naming latencies or reading times for the target word when this was predictable by the context. The results indicated that high-vocabulary readers were faster and more likely to make inferences on-line than low-vocabulary readers. Those low in vocabulary, generated inferences only after 1050 ms of the end of the inducing context sentence, whereas those high in vocabulary made inferences 500 ms earlier. Furthermore, when the stimuli involved reading of continuous text, rather than discrete naming of target words, only the high-vocabulary readers drew inferences, which suggests that low-vocabulary readers are unlikely to make inferences in natural reading conditions. 相似文献
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贝叶斯归纳是通过后验概率的贝叶斯定理或从相关先验分布的密度分布,以获得新信息的运算。它以在两个"估计"过程中对贝叶斯归纳的成功运用,回应了所谓"主观性"不能在标榜"客观性"的科学过程中出现的质疑。平稳估计也称稳健性估计,保证贝叶斯估计相对于先验分布的相对独立性,无需为了做一个既准确又精确的贝叶斯估计付出巨大的准确度和精度方面的代价。通过对证据的刻画、对抽样的分析以及对因果假设的检验等分析认为:该研究避免了经典方法中对结局空间及停止规则等依赖的贝叶斯归纳方法,是一种与直观相吻合的、科学的推理方法。 相似文献
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Cognitive activities in complex science text and diagrams 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jennifer G. Cromley Lindsey E. Snyder-Hogan Ulana A. Luciw-Dubas 《Contemporary educational psychology》2010
Ainsworth’s (2006) DeFT framework posits that different representations may lead learners to use different strategies. We wanted to investigate whether students use different strategies, and more broadly, different cognitive activities in diagrams vs. in running text. In order to do so, we collected think-aloud protocol and other measures from 91 beginning biology majors reading an 8-page passage from their own textbook which included seven complex diagrams. We coded the protocols for a wide range of cognitive activities, including strategy use, inference, background knowledge, vocabulary, and word reading. Comparisons of verbalizations while reading running text vs. reading diagrams showed that high-level cognitive activities—inferences and high-level strategy use—were used a higher proportion of the time when comprehending diagrams compared to when reading text. However, in running text vs. diagrams participants used a wider range of different individual cognitive activities (e.g., more different types of inferences). Our results suggest that instructors might consider teaching students how to draw inferences in both text and diagrams. They also show an interesting paradox that warrants further research—students often skipped over or superficially skimmed diagrams, but when they did read the diagrams they engaged in more high-level cognitive activity. 相似文献
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通过对11个著名逻辑—语义悖论的解析,发现它们的产生均可用一条可被称作"逻辑先后不得混淆原则"的规则进行解释。文章猜测、违反上述原则,可能是逻辑—语义悖论产生的普遍原因。 相似文献
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This article describes a simple, yet effective way to introduce and also review the concepts of ‘sample’ and ‘population’ using a Sample and Population Diagram. 相似文献