Decision-making in child protective services: Influences at multiple levels of the social ecology     

《Child abuse & neglect》2015

Decision-making in the child protection system is influenced by multiple factors; agency and geographic contexts, caseworker attributes, and families’ unique circumstances all likely play a role. In this study, we use the second cohort of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being to explore how these factors are associated with two key case decisions—substantiation and removal to out-of-home care. Analyses are conducted using weighted hierarchical linear models. We find that substantiation is strongly influenced by agency factors, particularly constraints on service accessibility. Substantiation is less likely when agencies can provide services to unsubstantiated cases and when collaboration with other social institutions is high. This supports the concept that substantiation may be a gateway to services in some communities. Agency factors contributed less to the probability of removal among substantiated cases, though time resources and constraints on decision-making had some influence. For both substantiation and removal risks, county, caseworker, and child characteristics were less influential than agency characteristics and family risk factors.  相似文献   

A preliminary mapping of individual,relational, and social factors that impede disclosure of childhood sexual abuse     

《Child abuse & neglect》2015

Uncovering the pathways to disclosures of child sexual abuse (CSA) and the factors influencing the willingness of victims to talk about the abuse is paramount to the development of powerful practice and policy initiatives. Framed as a long interview method utilizing a grounded theory approach to analyze data, the objective of the current study was to provide a preliminary mapping of the barriers to CSA disclosures through an ecological systemic lens, from a sample of 67 male and female CSA adult survivors, all of whom had recently received counselling services. The current project led to the identification of three broad categories of barriers that were each comprised of several subthemes, namely: Barriers from Within (internalized victim-blaming, mechanisms to protect oneself, and immature development at time of abuse); Barriers in Relation to Others (violence and dysfunction in the family, power dynamics, awareness of the impact of telling, and fragile social network); and Barriers in Relation to the Social World (labelling, taboo of sexuality, lack of services available, and culture or time period). This study points to the importance of using a broad ecological framework to understand the factors that inhibit disclosure of CSA, as barriers to disclosure do not constrain solely the victims. Results are discussed in light of their implications for research, prevention and intervention programs, and social policies and media campaigns, as the burden is on the larger community to create a climate of safety and transparency that makes the telling of CSA possible.  相似文献   

Community interaction and child maltreatment     

《Child abuse & neglect》2015

The way in which parents interact with their environment may have implications for their likelihood of abuse and neglect. This study examines the parent–environment relationship through community involvement and perception, using social disorganization theory. We hypothesize mothers who participate in their communities and have positive perceptions of them may be less likely to maltreat their children because of the potential protective capacity of neighborhood supports. Using information from the 5 year Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2991), the mother's self-reported acts of psychological and physical maltreatment and neglect are measured. A mother's community involvement index is the number of community activities a mother was involved in, and community perception is measured by two five-item Likert scales assessing perception of community collective efficacy. We analyze the relationship between community variables and each of mother's maltreatment behaviors as well as the interaction between community factors using a series of nested logistic regressions. Higher levels of community involvement are associated with lower levels of psychological aggression. More positive perception of community social control is associated with lower levels of physical assault. A moderation effect of community perception suggests that a mother's perception of her community changes the relationship between community involvement and psychological child abuse. The results provide important policy and empirical implications to build positive and supportive communities as a protective factor in child maltreatment. Getting parents involved in their communities can improve the environment in which children and families develop, and decrease the likelihood that maltreatment will occur.  相似文献   

Three models of child abuse consultations: A qualitative study of inpatient child abuse consultation notes     

《Child abuse & neglect》2015

Child abuse pediatricians have multiple roles in caring for abused children, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and, when needed, expert legal opinion. The child physical abuse consultation differs from the traditional medical consultation in that it has medical, investigative and legal audiences, all of whom have different information needs. How child abuse pediatricians approach their cases and how they document their initial inpatient consultations that will be used by such a diverse audience is currently unexplored. We used content analysis to examine 37 child physical abuse consultation notes from a national sample of child abuse pediatricians in order to understand physicians’ approaches to these consultations. Three commonly used models of child physical abuse consultation were identified in the data that we named the base model, the investigative model, and the family-dynamic model. While model types overlap, each is distinguished by key features including the approach used to gather information, the information recorded, and the language used in documentation. The base model most closely mirrors the traditional medical approach; the investigative model concentrates on triangulation of sources of information; and, the family-dynamic model concentrates on physician perceptions of family relationships. The three models of consultations for child physical abuse mirror the areas of child abuse pediatrics: diagnostic, forensic and therapeutic. These models are considered in relationship to best practice from other medical specialties with forensic components.  相似文献   

Profiles and predictors of behavioral resilience among children in child welfare     

《Child abuse & neglect》2015

Children living in out-of-home care have experienced a multitude of adversities, often resulting in compromised functioning. The current study used Ontario Looking After Children (OnLAC) project data to estimate developmental trajectories of behavioral outcomes (i.e., conduct and emotional problems) over a 4-year period (i.e., ages 6–10 to 9–13) in 313 children living in out-of-home care. Predictors measured at baseline (e.g., sex) and across the subsequent 4-year period (e.g., parenting practices) were also investigated. Findings indicated that 64.2% and 58.6% followed resilient trajectories for conduct behaviors and emotional functioning, respectively. Predictors of resilient trajectories included internal developmental assets, number of children in the home, whether the child was receiving treatment, and positive parenting. Findings need to be interpreted with an understanding that children in out-of-home care have varying levels of functioning across various domains (e.g., educational, social) other than the ones measured here. Predictors were static and dynamic and cut across various contexts, emphasizing the importance of considering child functioning within an ecological model.  相似文献   

Sentinel events predicting later unwanted sex among girls: A national survey in Haiti, 2012     

《Child abuse & neglect》2015

Sexual violence against children is a significant global public health problem, yet limited studies exist from low-resource settings. In Haiti we conducted the country's first, nationally representative survey focused on childhood violence to help inform the development of a national action plan for violence against children. The Haiti Violence Against Children Survey was a household-level, multistage, cluster survey among youth age 13–24. In this analysis we sought to determine whether sexual violence sentinel events (unwanted sexual touching or unwanted attempted sex) were predictive of later unwanted, completed, penetrative sex in Haiti. We also sought to explore characteristics of sentinel events and help-seeking behavior among Haitian children. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test associations between sentinel events and later unwanted, completed, penetrative sex. Overall, 1,457 females reported on experiences of sexual violence occurring in childhood (before age 18). A sentinel event occurred in 40.4% of females who experienced subsequent unwanted completed sex. Females experiencing a sentinel event were approximately two and a half times more likely to experience later unwanted completed sex (adjusted odds ratio = 2.40, p = .004) compared to individuals who did not experience a sentinel event. The mean lag time from first sentinel event to first unwanted completed sex was 2.3 years. Only half (54.6%) of children experiencing a sentinel event told someone about their experience of sexual violence. Among children, sentinel events occur frequently before later acts of completed unwanted sex and may represent a useful point of intervention. Reporting of sexual violence by children in Haiti is low and can be improved to better act on sentinel events.  相似文献   

Unintended pregnancy as a predictor of child maltreatment     

《Child abuse & neglect》2015

Whereas child maltreatment research has developed considerable evidence on post-natal risk-factors, pre-natal circumstances have been largely overlooked. The circumstances surrounding a pregnancy may considerably impact the environment in which later parenting behaviors occur. This study examines one of the earliest potentially identifiable risk-factors for child maltreatment: the intentions of a pregnancy. Utilizing both mother and father reports, this study focuses on maltreatment risk, as it relates with both parents’ perspectives of the pregnancy's intention. Drawing upon data from the Fragile Families and Child Well Being study, a longitudinal, birth cohort study, survey questions were used that asked parents, at the time of the birth, whether they considered abortion for the child. Unintended pregnancy demonstrates predictive value as one of the earliest identifiable risk-factors for child maltreatment. Regardless of whether the mother or father reported the unintended pregnancy, the relationship with maltreating behavior is largely the same, although for different maltreatment types. Mothers’ reports of unintended pregnancy are associated with psychological aggression, and neglect. Fathers’ reports of unintended pregnancy are associated with physical aggression. Fathers’ perspectives regarding pregnancy intentions matter just as much as mothers,’ and accounting for their perspectives could be important in understanding the maltreating behaviors of both parents. Identifiable in the earliest stages of caregiving, unintended pregnancy may be an important risk-factor in predicting and understanding child maltreatment.  相似文献   

柴达木盆地冷湖0-5号构造侏罗系成藏条件及勘探方向     

陈迎宾  王彦青胡 烨 《科技风》2014,(7):22-24

冷湖0-5号构造是柴达木盆地以下侏罗统为烃源岩的一个含油气构造带,目前除冷湖3号油田为侏罗系原生油气藏外,其他所发现的油田均为第三系次生油气藏。通过对该构造带三维地震精细解释及钻井分析认为,冷湖0-5号具备形成侏罗系原生油气藏的石油地质条件,并根据区域地质特征及其具体成藏条件,提出了冷湖0-5号构造"下断阶找油"的勘探思路及有利勘探方向。  相似文献   

青海省东乘公麻金矿床Ⅵ号矿体原生晕特征及深部找矿预测     

张东林  庄光军  周顶 《中国科技纵横》2014,(16):133-135

东乘公麻金矿床是青海省巴颜喀拉造山带北缘Au-Sb成矿带上新发现的中型金矿床,由于受“生态保护第一,尊重群众意愿”政策影响,勘查工作主要以深部勘查为主,本文选择该矿床有代表性的VI号矿体,研究其构造原生晕轴向分带序列。研究结果表明：VI号矿体原生晕分带序列为：（Au、Sb、As）→（Bi、Pb）→（Ag、Cu、Zn）;分带序列呈现“反分带”趋势,地球化学参数“反转”,前、尾晕共存,预测VI号矿体深部延伸较好或有隐伏矿体存在的可能性,圈定了成矿靶区,以期为矿山下一步探矿工作提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Information resources estimation for accurate distribution-based concept drift detection     

《Information processing & management》2022,59(3):102911

Machine learning applications must continually utilize label information from the data stream to detect concept drift and adapt to the dynamic behavior. Due to the computational expensiveness of label information, it is impractical to assume that the data stream is fully labeled. Therefore, much research focusing on semi-supervised concept drift detection has been proposed. Despite the large research effort in the literature, there is a lack of analysis on the information resources required with the achievable concept drift detection accuracy. Hence, this paper aims to answer the unexplored research question of “How many labeled samples are required to detect concept drift accurately?” by proposing an analytical framework to analyze and estimate the information resources required to detect concept drift accurately. Specifically, this paper disintegrates the distribution-based concept drift detection task into a learning task and a dissimilarity measurement task for independent analyses. The analyses results are then correlated to estimate the required number of labels within a set of data samples to detect concept drift accurately. The proximity of the information resources estimation is evaluated empirically, where the results suggest that the estimation is accurate with high amount of information resources provided. Additionally, estimation results of a state-of-the-art method and a benchmark data set are reported to show the applicability of the estimation by proposed analytical framework within benchmarked environments. In general, the estimation from the proposed analytical framework can serve as guidance in designing systems with limited information resources. This paper also hopes to assist in identifying research gaps and inspiring new research ideas regarding the analysis of the amount of information resources required for accurate concept drift detection.  相似文献