The lognormal distribution explains the remarkable pattern documented by characteristic scores and scales in scientometrics     

Gabriel-Alexandru Vîiu 《Journal of Informetrics》2018,12(2):401-415

Characteristic scores and scales (CSS) – a well-established scientometric tool for the study of citation counts – have been used to document a striking phenomenon that characterizes citation distributions at high levels of aggregation: irrespective of scientific field and citation window empirical studies find a persistent pattern whereby about 70% of scientific papers belong to the class of poorly cited papers, about 21% belong to the class of fairly cited papers, 6% to that of remarkably cited papers and 3% to the class of outstandingly cited papers. This article aims to advance the understanding of this remarkable result by examining it in the context of the lognormal distribution, a popular model used to describe citation counts across scientific fields. The article shows that the application of the CSS method to lognormal distributions provides a very good fit to the 70–21–6–3% empirical pattern provided these distributions are characterized by a standard deviation parameter in the range of about 0.8–1.3. The CSS pattern is essentially explainable as an epiphenomenon of the lognormal functional form and, more generally, as a consequence of the skewness of science which is manifest in heavy-tailed citation distributions.  相似文献   

Communication apprehension and general anxiety in the prediction of public speaking anxiety     

Michael J. Beatty  Gregory S. Andriate 《Communication quarterly》2013,61(3):174-184

The communication apprehension (CA) construct is based on the assumption that information about a person's tendency to experience anxiety in communication situations provides unique information, beyond that provided by assessing that person's predisposition to experience anxiety in general, in predicting anxiety when forced to communicate. However, the validity of this assumption is uncertain. In the present study, the predictive power of the PRCA‐24 and a general anxiety measure was examined at three separate intervals during a semester long public speaking course. Results indicated that, at the outset, the PRCA‐24 and the general anxiety measure predicted anxiety experienced during public speaking with equal power. By the end of the semester, the PRCA‐24 was clearly superior to the general measure in predicting self‐reported performance anxiety.  相似文献   

Comparing holistic and analytic scoring methods: issues of validity and reliability     

Claudia Harsch  Guido Martin 《Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice》2013,20(3):281-307

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Influences on the congruence between parents’ and teachers’ ratings of young children's social skills and problem behaviors     

Laurie A. Dinnebeil  Brook E. Sawyer  Jessica Logan  Jaclyn M. Dynia  Edward Cancio  Laura M. Justice 《Early childhood research quarterly》2013

A comprehensive research base exists concerning the congruence between parents’ and teachers’ ratings of the behavior of typically developing young children. However, little research has been conducted regarding the degree to which parents’ and teachers’ behavioral ratings of young children with disabilities are congruent. Additionally, previous research has not always correctly proportioned the variance to that between and within classrooms. The purpose of this study was to examine congruence (using hierarchical linear modeling) at the classroom level, rather than the individual student-level, between parents’ and teachers’ ratings of young children's social skills and problem behaviors. We also examined the potential impact of selected family and child demographic variables, including disability, on this congruence. Consistent with other researchers, we found moderate levels of congruence for children's social skills (as framed by strengths-based statements) and low levels of congruence for problem behaviors (as described using deficit-based terminology). Parents’ and teachers’ congruence was higher when rating the social skills of young children with disabilities as compared to young children without disabilities.  相似文献   

匹配渐近展开法、多尺度方法及合成展开法在奇摄动边值问题中的应用     

许进 《巢湖师专学报》2013,(6):9-13

以二阶线性常微分方程的边值问题为例,系统讨论匹配渐近展开法、多尺度方法及合成展开法在奇摄动边值问题中的应用,并将用这三种方法求得的结果作对比,分析得出相关结论。  相似文献   

It Is Not Just a Matter of Taste: 19th-Century Psychophysics and 21st-Century Sensory Evaluation Surveys of Food and Beverages: A Brief Review with Illustrative Readings     

Tony Stankus 《Behavioral & Social Sciences Librarian》2013,32(3-4):125-139

ABSTRACT

Virtually all major food and beverage processing companies employ professional taste-testing panels or conduct consumer preference surveys for appearance, aroma, and texture as well as taste. The literature and procedures underlying this sensory evaluation of foods have a strong basis in the specialty within experimental psychology called psychophysics. Founded in the late 1800s in Germany, psychophysics continues to flourish today in university departments of psychology and teaching hospital departments of neurology and psychiatry. While greatly aided by advances in chemical detection and medical imaging, sensory evaluation is actually still based mostly on eliciting human subject responses to physical and chemical sensations from novel food and beverage products, or from new formulations of familiar products, and then statistically analyzing the respondent's reactions as entered on questionnaires. This article reviews some of the terminology and concepts of psychophysics as applied to the contemporary sensory evaluation of commercially important foods and beverages, and lists selected classic or current research readings related to several enduring questions of test and questionnaire reliability in these intertwined fields.  相似文献   

心理健康量表在体质研究中的应用     

刘路 《体育科技文献通报》2013,21(2):126-127

研究目的:探讨将心理健康评定纳入体质研究的依据。研究方法:采用文献资料法综述心理健康与体质之间的关系。研究结果与结论:当前使用心理健康量表对人们的体质进行相关研究的数量较少,存在着以下问题:(1)引进国外量表的文化适用性问题;(2)有些量表是医学临床的诊断性工具,是专门用于判断神经症的,或许并不适用于常人。(3)测量内容的适用性问题和评价标准的时效性问题等等。这些问题在某种程度上制约着心理健康量表在体质研究中的广泛应用。此外,目前还没有适用于我们国民进行大样本体质测定的自制评价量表,因此心理健康量表在我国体质综合评价中的应用还有待进一步研究与探讨。  相似文献   

闪锌矿结构晶格中的孤子激发     

夏庆林  周光辉  蒋冬初 《湖南城市学院学报》2001,18(3):27-32

利用多重尺度和准离散近似法研究了双原子链(相邻两原子质量不同，作用力常数交替变化)中的孤子激发。该模型模拟了闪锌矿结构晶格沿<111>方向的振动.考虑二次方和四次方作用势，得到了特殊波矢下定态孤子解的表达式.由于该晶格模型的弱对称性，其原子位移分布与文献中广泛研究的一维单原子、双原子和金刚石晶格有所不同.  相似文献   

往事如山,却未必如烟--对《故事新编》海纳量的理解     

何思玉 《商丘师范学院学报》2003,19(1):7-11

《故事新编》具有《呐喊》、《彷徨》、《野草》、《朝花夕拾》与杂文的集合精神，具有海纳量的品格。《故事新编》是鲁迅先生一生探索的结晶，是充满了探索性的历史精神，也充满了历史与现时相交织的悖论的艺术珍品。  相似文献   

Teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education: a critical review of published questionnaires     

Donna L. Ewing  Jeremy J. Monsen  Stephan Kielblock 《Educational Psychology in Practice》2018,34(2):150-165

Teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education affect its successful implementation within mainstream schools. This paper reviews nine questionnaires which capture primary school teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion, with the aim to support researchers in selecting the most appropriate measure according to the purpose of their study. Most of the reviewed questionnaires showed acceptable reliability and validity. The Multidimensional Attitudes towards Inclusive Education Scale (MATIES) and the Sentiments, Attitudes, and Concerns about Inclusive Education Revised Scale (SACIE-R) were the only questionnaires with adequate psychometric properties which addressed the affective, cognitive and behavioural components of teachers’ attitudes. As another psychometrically sound scale, the Teachers’ Attitude towards Inclusion Scale (TAIS) was found to use more up-to-date terminology and suitably addressed the cognitive and behavioural components. This paper provides a useful resource to facilitate the appropriate selection of questionnaires that measure teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion.  相似文献