Appropriate intellectual property protection and economic growth in countries at different levels of development   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Yee Kyoung KimKeun Lee  Walter G. Park  Kineung Choo 《Research Policy》2012,41(2):358-375

This paper examines how the role of patents and utility models in innovation and economic growth varies by level of economic development. Using a panel dataset of over 70 countries, we find that patent protection is an important determinant of innovation and that patentable innovations contribute to economic growth in developed countries, but not in developing. Instead, in developing economies, a minor form of intellectual property rights (IPRs) - namely utility models - is conducive to innovation and growth, controlling for other factors. Using Korean firm level data as a case study, we find that utility model innovations contribute to firm performance when firms are technologically lagging and that those minor innovations can be a learning device and thus a stepping stone for developing more patentable inventions later on. Upon reaching higher levels of technological capabilities, firms become more reliant upon patents and less on utility models. Thus the lesson here is that patent protection enhances innovation and economic growth in countries where the capacity to conduct innovative research exists. Where this capacity is weaker, a system that provides incentives to conduct minor, incremental inventions is more conducive to growth. The significance of this paper is to emphasize the importance not just of the strength of IPRs but of the appropriate type of IPRs for economic development.  相似文献   

Effect of interrupted endogenous BMP/Smad signaling on growth and steroidogenesis of porcine granulosa cells     

Wei Wang  Li Wang  Xin-xiu Li  Xia Chen  Hai-yan Zhang  Yu He  Jing-jing Wang  Yong-yan Zhao  Bao-le Zhang  Yin-xue Xu 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2010,11(9):719-727

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a critical role in the growth and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells (GCs). BMP signals act through membrane-bound heteromeric serine/threonine kinase receptors. Upon ligand binding, BMPs activate intracellular Smad proteins and regulate growth and apoptosis in various cell types. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of BMP/Smad signal on growth and steroidogenesis of porcine GCs. A strategy of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated ‘gene silencing’ of Smad4, a core molecule mediating the intracellular BMP/Smad signal transduction pathways, was used to interrupt endogenous BMP/Smad signaling. Results indicate that Smad4-small interfering RNA (siRNA) caused specific inhibition of Smad4 mRNA and protein expression after transfection. Interrupted endogenous BMP/Smad signaling significantly inhibited growth, and induced apoptosis of porcine GCs, while decreasing estradiol production. In addition, interrupted BMP/Smad signaling significantly (P<0.05) changed the expression of Cyclin D2, CDK4, Bcl-2, and Cyp19a1. These findings provide new insights into how BMP/Smad signaling regulates the growth and steroidogenesis of porcine GCs.  相似文献   

从黄山市看旅游发展模式转型的必然性与实施策略     

章尚正  农珍珍 《池州师专学报》2010,(6):84-90

旅游发展模式对旅游业的发展质量有重大影响,在不同的发展阶段应该选用不同的发展模式.黄山市现行数量增长型发展模式已经导致以下弊端：资源配置效率降低,旅游企业经济效益下滑;过度追求接待规模,往往造成生态环境恶化;无限制地扩大接待量,必然导致游客评价度降低：乡村旅游的低水平开发,无法给村民带来预期的经济收益与社会进步.黄山市必须分阶段推行效益增长型发展模式,其实施策略包括：第一,以科学合理的规划为指导,提高资源的配置效率;第二,以世界一流旅游目的地建设为目标,完善旅游产品体系,深度发掘旅游资源的经济价值：第三,进一步发挥屯溪的中心城市作用,提高黄山市旅游产业的集聚程度;第四,构建新型空问竞合模式,通过区域合作提升旅游目的地的影响力与竞争力.  相似文献   

论企业家和职业经理人的关系     

刘军 《中国教育研究与创新》2006,3(11):26-29

本文围绕企业成长，立足企业家精神和专业化管理。分析了企业家和职业经理人融合的三种路径，揭示了“融合陷阱”的存在及其认识误区．进而提出．创业管理是企业家和职业经理人融合的新路径取向，并从企业内外部角度展望了公司企业家精神以及创业教育在企业家和职业经理人融合中的重要作用。  相似文献   

Study on pig growth hormone gene polymorphisms in western meat-type breeds and Chinese local breeds   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋成义  高波  经荣斌  陶勇  毛九德 《Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B》2003,(6)

INTRODUCTIONGrowthhormone (GH)isapeptidehormonewhichregulatesgrowthandvariousmetabolicac tivities (Sterle,1 995;Yuan ,1 996) .InjectionsofGHintogrowingpigsincreasedgrowthrateoftheanimalsandthepercentageofmuscle ,andwhilefataccretionwasdecreased (Bonneau ,…  相似文献   

移动计算技术在儿童成长家庭记录方面的应用前景研究     

王晓晨  高鸽  李玉顺  黄荣怀 《现代教育技术》2008,18(12):67-70

移动通信技术与信息技术的融合带动了移动计算技术的蓬勃发展,随着各类移动终端的普及应用,人们迫切需要探索新型的基于移动计算技术的应用。文章以移动计算技术家庭教育应用为背景,侧重移动计算技术在儿童成长家庭记录方面的应用前景研究。研究结果表明,随着家庭教育水平的提升,人们对于系统化的、便捷化的儿童成长记录支持系统需求迫切,而移动计算技术所带来的多媒体支持能力、便捷的可携带性和情景特性支持能力为构建新型的儿童成长家庭记录系统提供了可能。  相似文献   

近代安徽人口素质问题剖析     

张安东  陈恩虎  杨松水 《巢湖学院学报》2003,5(1):63-66,72

近代安徽人口问题相当严重，不仅人口数量多，而且人口素质低下。人口素质与社会经济发展互相影响。近代安徽人口素质极大地制约着安徽经济的发展。解决人口问题，要在控制人口数量的基础上，着力提高人口素质。  相似文献   

Touch your toes! Developing a direct measure of behavioral regulation in early childhood   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Claire E. Cameron Ponitz  Megan M. McClelland  Abigail M. Jewkes  Carol McDonald Connor  Carrie L. Farris  Frederick J. Morrison 《Early childhood research quarterly》2008

Behavioral aspects of self-regulation, including controlling and directing actions, paying attention, and remembering instructions, are critical for successful functioning in preschool and elementary school. In recent years, several direct assessments of these skills have appeared, but few studies provide complete psychometric data and many are not easy to administer. We developed a direct measure of children's behavioral regulation, the Head-to-Toes Task, and report performance of participants aged 36–78 months, including a group of Spanish-speaking children, from two different sites (N = 353; N = 92). We examined construct validity, examiner reliability, sources of variation, and associations between task scores and background characteristics. Results showed that the task was valid, reliable, and demonstrated variability in children's scores. A cross-classified hierarchical growth curve analysis indicated that girls, participants assessed in English, and higher-socioeconomic status (SES) children achieved slightly higher average scores than did boys, Spanish-speaking and lower-SES children, but effect sizes were small. Older participants achieved higher scores than did younger children, and there were no effects for site. Results suggest that the Head-to-Toes Task is an informative and easy-to-administer direct assessment of children's behavioral regulation. We discuss implications for its use in early childhood settings.  相似文献   

幼儿园环境对幼儿成长的影响分析     

王娟娟 《天津教育》2021,(1):169-170

环境对个人的成长至关重要,而幼儿园是幼儿成长发展的重要环境。因此如何实现幼儿环境的高质量发展,是幼儿园发展的重要命题。本文笔者深入分析了幼儿园环境对幼儿成长的影响,提出了几点关键因素。  相似文献   

Developmental trajectories of children's spatial skills: Influencing variables and associations with later mathematical thinking     

《Learning and Instruction》2021

Few studies have examined the long-term relations between children's early spatial skills and their later mathematical abilities. In the current study, we investigated children's developmental trajectories of spatial skills across four waves from age 3–7 years and their association with children's later mathematical understanding. We assessed children's development in a large, heterogeneous sample of children (N = 586) from diverse cultural backgrounds and mostly low-income homes. Spatial and mathematical skills were measured using standardized assessments. Children's starting points and rate of growth in spatial skills were investigated using latent growth curve models. We explored the influence of various covariates on spatial skill development and found that socioeconomic status, language skills, and sex, but not migration background predicted children's spatial development. Furthermore, our findings showed that children's initial spatial skills––but not their rate of growth––predicted later mathematical understanding, indicating that early spatial reasoning may play a crucial role for learning mathematics.  相似文献