后格赖斯语用学理论的发展     

刘辰诞 《信阳师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)》2005,25(1):48-53

会话含意理论为解释应用中的语言开辟了新的途径,但同时存在着明显的不足之处, 各国学者在“古典”格赖斯理论之后,相继提出新的理论,其中包括斯帕伯和威尔逊的“关联理论”、 荷恩两原则、列文森三原则,以及徐盛桓在其1991年的推理模式的基础上,根据列文森三原则建立 的语用推理机制。这些理论和欧洲大陆的“宏观语用学”一起,推动了语用学理论的发展和完善。  相似文献   

回溯推理探赜     

赖林涛  张发斌 《湖北广播电视大学学报》2004,21(4):124-127

回溯推理是一种在司法实践中被广泛运用的或然性推理。它是根据推导关系.相对于被一定推理者所掌握但在推理中省略掉的背景知识,由证据推测假说的推理,它的前提只为人们在某种程度上置信其结论提供证据支持。回溯推理的前提与结论之间的证据支持关系可用概率理论进行刻画。实践中,回溯推理主要有两种类型和五种模式。  相似文献   

关联理论视觉中的英语幽默理解     

陈少琼 《江苏广播电视大学学报》2007,18(5):80-82

幽默作为人们日常言语交际的一种形式,是悖谬与和谐的对立统一。根据关联理论,言语交际是明示—推理的认知过程,幽默产生于最大关联与最佳关联之间的反差。要想理解英语幽默话语,需结合语境推理,为符合最佳关联的期待找出合理的解释。  相似文献   

英汉口译过程中推理的作用     

沈晓红 《徐州师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2007,33(2):65-67

运用释意派理论和认知语用学理论研究英汉口译过程,可以发现,在口译过程的四个阶段中,推理是不可或缺的因素,推理是否成功决定着译文能否准确传递言者的意图。推理有助于译者进行解歧、建立连贯性和推导出交际意图。  相似文献   

国外预测推理研究评述     

姜敏敏  陈伟娜  鲁忠义 《河北师范大学学报(教育科学版)》2004,6(3):52-56

预测推理是否在阅读中产生受实验材料及具体实验程序的影响，预测推理的生成需要花费时间，在高预测性语篇中，预测推理能更快地生成。预测推理实验中观察到的启动效应的实质是意义的精细建构。而推理出来的信息是否在长时记忆中被编码是一个尚待解决的问题。  相似文献   

Children's difficulties in reading comprehension   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Jane Oakhill 《Educational Psychology Review》1993,5(3):223-237

This paper outlines a number of studies that have investigated the difficulties experienced by children who have a specific comprehension problem: Those who have adequate word recognition skills but who, nevertheless, have difficulty understanding text. In the studies I will discuss, the performance of a group of skilled comprehenders was compared with that of a less-skilled group. The first set of studies show that the poor comprehenders have difficulty in integrating information in a text and in making inferences. A further set of studies suggests that, although such children do not have any straightforward short-term memory problem, they may have difficulty in holding and manipulating information in working memory as they are reading. A final study shows that the comprehension of the less-skilled children can be improved by a series of short training sessions that stress making inferences and integrating information in text. This finding suggests that a working-memory deficit may only be one aspect of the less-skilled comprehenders' problem.  相似文献   

基于贝叶斯推断的多层软测量建模在丁醇发酵中的应用     

朱湘临  顾雯炜  王博 《教育技术导刊》2020,19(4):183-188

针对丁醇生产过程中发酵产物品质参量难以实时测量,现有测量方法精度不高、测量结果受不确定因素影响较大的问题,提出一种基于贝叶斯推断和支持向量回归（Support vector machine regression,SVR）的多层软测量建模方法。首先应用贝叶斯推断计算后验概率、筛选偏置数据,并对偏置数据校准,建立第一层SVR模型;然后利用贝叶斯推断进行二次校准,建立第二层SVR模型,对第一层SVR模型输出进行修正,得到最终预测结果,克服干扰和偏差引起的模型不准确问题。将基于贝叶斯推断的多层支持向量回归（Bi-SVR）预测模型应用于丁醇发酵过程,仿真及实验结果表明,相较于传统SVR预测模型,系统在低干扰的情况下预测精度提高了4.52%,在高干扰时预测精度提高了5.37%。  相似文献   

论关联理论框架下的翻译中的关联问题   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

蒋小元  周永红 《怀化学院学报》2006,25(7):117-120

从认知推理的角度,借助关联理论框架探讨了关联理论和翻译的关系,关联理论将语境定义为一个动态的概念,即它是用以解释话语的一系列前提,在具体的翻译活动中,语境应分析到何种程度为止,主要是由关联性决定的;一旦寻求到最佳关联时,一个特定的语境才算确定。因此我们认为在语码转换过程中,关联性起着关键作用,决定着译文信息和形式等相关因素的取舍;译者的任务就是:在翻译中,依据动态的语境,进行认知推理,找到最佳关联,努力做到使原文作者的意图与译文读者的企盼相吻合。  相似文献   

无罪推定在刑事诉讼中的实现及意义     

李俊明 《绥化学院学报》2003,23(4):54-56

无罪推定现已成为世界各国普遍承认的刑法和刑事诉讼原则。虽然我国．尚未建立起完整意义上的无罪推定原则．但修改后的我国刑事诉讼法已为无罪推定的观念奠定了基础，对我国刑事诉讼的公正、秩序和效率的价值发挥起到了一定的促进作用。也体现了现代法治的进步。  相似文献   

Bias Reduction in Quasi-Experiments With Little Selection Theory but Many Covariates     

《Journal of research on educational effectiveness》2013,6(4):552-576

Abstract: In observational studies, selection bias will be completely removed only if the selection mechanism is ignorable, namely, all confounders of treatment selection and potential outcomes are reliably measured. Ideally, well-grounded substantive theories about the selection process and outcome-generating model are used to generate the sample of covariates. However, covariate selection is more heuristic in actual practice. Using two empirical data sets in a simulation study, we investigate four research questions about bias reduction when the selection mechanism is not known but many covariates are measured: (1) How important is the conceptual heterogeneity of the covariate domains in the data set? (2) How important is the number of covariates assessing each domain? (3) What are the joint effects of this conceptual heterogeneity and of the number of covariates per domain? (4) What happens to bias reduction when the set of covariates is deliberately impoverished by removing the covariates most responsible for selection bias, thus ensuring a slightly smaller but still heterogeneous set of covariates? The results indicate: (1) increasingly more bias is reduced as the number of covariate domains and the number of covariates per domain increase, though the rate of bias reduction is diminishing in each case; (2) sampling covariates from multiple heterogeneous covariate domains is more important than choosing many measures from fewer domains; (3) the most heterogeneous set of covariate domains removes almost all of the selection bias when at least five covariates are assessed in each domain; and (4) omitting the most crucial covariates generally replicates the pattern of results due to the number of domains and the number of covariates per domain, but the amount of bias reduction is less than when all variables are included and will surely not satisfy all consumers of causal research.  相似文献