关羽崇拜与关羽形象的演变及诠释     

郭素媛 《山东教育学院学报》2012,27(5)

历史上的关羽并无绝伦超群之处。宋元以来,在统治者的提倡之下,关羽崇拜之风日盛,明清时期到达顶峰。宋元时期关羽形象的演变以及明清时期关羽形象的诠释与关羽崇拜之间具有错综复杂的关系。关羽崇拜及关羽形象的演变作为我们民族的精神文化现象,寄寓了社会不同阶层、不同人群的种种观念、向往和祈愿,承载了传统的道德伦理观念和价值观念,反映了我们民族的历史进程和文化演进的轨迹。  相似文献   

严译“信、达、雅”之“雅”义探析     

张建苓 《辽宁师范大学学报(社会科学版)》2014,(2):277-280

对严复倡导翻译的三个原则——"信、达、雅"的理解,尤其是"雅",学界理解较为分歧。文章从严复代表性译作《天演论》的吴汝纶序、自序和译例言分析入手,认为在翻译中,严复最关心的是在"信"的基础上达到"达",而翻译像《天演论》这等精理微言,用汉以前字法、句法,不仅能达到"达",而且还能行远。既符合汉以前字法、句法的文体,又能表达精理微言者,非先秦诸子文体莫属。所以,严译三难中的"雅",其确指为先秦诸子文体,至为明确,学界不应概以"文雅"模糊掉他的本意。当然,以先秦诸子文体之雅言来翻译,针对的是有"精理微言"类的著作,而严复毕生所翻译的八部作品,均属此类,也是需要说明的。  相似文献   

Evolution and Diffusion of the Michigan State University Tradition of Organizational Communication Network Research     

Alex M. Susskind  Donald F. Schwartz  William D. Richards  J. David Johnson 《Communication Studies》2013,64(4):397-418

This article documents the 30‐year history of communication network research at Michigan State University (M.S.U.), providing a case study of the evolution and diffusion of an academic innovation. Three past and continuing issues for network scholars are identified: a lack of professional reward for developing user‐friendly computer programs, unresolved methodological problems, and a need for better theoretical and conceptual frameworks. The narrative also illustrates the difficulty communication as a discipline has in impacting broader intellectual traditions. The story begins with the first doctoral dissertation (Schwartz, 1968 Richards, W. D. and Barnett, G., eds. 1993. Progress in communication sciences: Advances in communication network analysis, Norwood, NJ: Ablex.  [Google Scholar]) and the first network analysis software program in 1970 (Richards’ Negopy), continuing to the last dissertation (Susskind, 1996 Susskind, A. M. 1996. The impact of an organizational downsizing effort on survivors’ communication network relationships and attitudes, East Lansing: Department of Communication, Michigan State University. Unpublished doctoral dissertation [Google Scholar]), and ending in 1998 when J. David Johnson left the M.S.U. faculty. Other major players in the M.S.U. network tradition included David K. Berlo, Eugene Jacobson, Everett M. Rogers, Vincent Farace, Peter Monge, and Erwin Bettinghaus. Ironically, Schwartz and Susskind met in 1998 while Schwartz was preparing to retire from Cornell University and Susskind was starting as an Assistant Professor in a different department, thus providing closure to the M.S.U. network.  相似文献   

The Inter-relationship of Science and Religion: A typology of engagement     

Pam Hanley  Judith Bennett  Mary Ratcliffe 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(7):1210-1229

This study explores whether the religious background of students affects their opinions about and attitudes to engaging with scientific explanations of the origins of the universe and of life. The study took place in four English secondary schools representing three different contexts (Christian faith-based; non-faith with majority Muslim catchment; and non-faith, mixed catchment). It comprised questionnaires and focus groups with over 200 students aged 14–16, supplemented by teacher interviews. The analysis approach was informed by grounded theory and resulted in the development of an engagement typology, which has been set in the context of the cross-cultural border crossing literature. It divides students into categories depending on both the nature and amount of engagement they were prepared to have with the relationship between science and religion. The model takes into account where students sit on four dimensions. These assess whether a student's preferred knowledge base is belief-based or fact-based; their tolerance of uncertainty (do they have a need for resolution?); their open mindedness (are they unquestioning or inquiring?); and whether they conceptualise science and religion as being in conflict or harmony. Many Muslim students resisted engagement because of conflicting religious beliefs. Teachers did not always appreciate the extent to which this topic troubled some students who needed help to accommodate clashes between science and their religious beliefs. It is suggested that increased appreciation of the complexity represented by their students can guide a teacher towards an appropriate approach when covering potentially sensitive topics such as the theory of evolution.  相似文献   

Effects of an Educational Experience Incorporating an Inventory of Factors Potentially Influencing Student Acceptance of Biological Evolution     

Jason R. Wiles  Brian Alters 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(18):2559-2585

This investigation provides an extensive review of scientific, religious, and otherwise non-scientific factors that may influence student acceptance of biological evolution. We also measure the extent to which students' levels of acceptance changed following an educational experience designed to address an inclusive inventory of factors identified as potentially affecting student acceptance of evolution (n = 81, pre-test/post-test) n = 37, one-year longitudinal). Acceptance of evolution was measured using the Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE) instrument among participants enrolled in a secondary-level academic programme during the summer prior to their final year of high school and as they transitioned to the post-secondary level. Student acceptance of evolution was measured to be significantly higher than initial levels both immediately following and over one year after the educational experience. Results reported herein carry implications for future quantitative and qualitative research as well as for cross-disciplinary instruction plans related to evolutionary science and non-scientific factors which may influence student understanding of evolution.  相似文献   

Addressing the Lack of Measurement Invariance for the Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution     

Amy Wagler  Ron Wagler 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(13):2278-2298

The Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE) was constructed to be a single-factor instrument that assesses an individual's overall acceptance of evolutionary theory. The MATE was validated and the scores resulting from the MATE were found to be reliable for the population of inservice high school biology teachers. However, many studies have utilized the MATE for different populations, such as university students enrolled in a biology or genetics course, high school students, and preservice teachers. This is problematic because the dimensionality and reliability of the MATE may not be consistent across populations. It is not uncommon in science education research to find examples where scales are applied to novel populations without proper assessment of the validity and reliability. In order to illustrate this issue, a case study is presented where the dimensionality of the MATE is evaluated for a population of non-science major preservice elementary teachers. With this objective in mind, factor analytic and item response models are fit to the observed data to provide evidence for or against a one-dimensional latent structure and to detect which items do not conform to the theoretical construct for this population. The results of this study call into question any findings and conclusions made using the MATE for a Hispanic population of preservice teachers and point out the error of assuming invariance across substantively different populations.  相似文献   

Where Theory and Law Meet: Trends in establishment clause jurisprudence in the US federal courts and implications for science education     

Lance E. King  Sherry A. Southerland 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(5):773-795

In this study, federal court opinions and writings of legal scholars, spanning 63 years of establishment clause jurisprudence in the US federal courts were analysed in an effort to determine dominant trends in judicial philosophy that are of significance to science educators. The study's findings suggest that the dominant legal theory underpinning the adjudication of establishment clause cases on the US Supreme Court has undergone a shift from one that emphasizes separation of church and state to one that favours integration of religion in the public sphere. This development poses significant challenges to science educators who are charged with the task of teaching in accordance with state science standards that emphasize topics that are considered controversial (e.g. evolution and global climate change) by many in the faith-based community. These findings constitute a basis for forecasting future actions in US courts regarding the role of government in establishing religious practices in the public sphere—particularly where such actions intersect with the roles of teachers in the nation's public K-12 science classrooms. Finally, we argue that scientists and science educators must adopt an assertive stance in defining science in curricular frameworks, providing something for the courts to draw upon in future decisions.  相似文献   

Autistic Syndromes and Diet: a follow‐up study     

Christina Stage 《Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research》2013,57(3):223-235

In May 1990 new groups of examinees participated in the Swedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (SweSA T). Generally these new groups were younger and had higher education than the examinees at earlier test administrations. The purpose of the study reported was to examine whether the gender differences in test results had changed with the changed composition of examinees. The groups of men and women were successively matched according to age and education and comparisons were made of gender differences in test results between different age and education groups. The results, however, showed that even though age as well as education had influence on the test results, no real difference was found between younger and older examinees regarding gender differences in the test results.  相似文献   

中亚能源地缘政治格局演进：中国力量的变化、影响与对策   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李红强  王礼茂 《资源科学》2009,31(10):1647-1653

近些年来,中亚因其丰富油气资源和独特地缘战略地位引发了激烈的大国博弈,揭示和探究中亚能源地缘政治格局的演变过程对于理解全球能源格局变化、各国对中亚战略调整和制定中国利用中亚能源的对策具有重要意义.本文在阐释中亚油气资源及其在全球能源格局中地位的基础上,以中国在中亚能源地缘政治格局演变的力量变化为主线,并结合各国对中亚能源的争夺,对中亚能源地缘政治格局的演进过程进行了分析,将其划分为四个阶段,刻画了各演进阶段的地缘政治格局特征和各国对中亚能源的争夺局势,阐释了中国对中亚能源的利用状况以及中国力量在格局演变中的变化.最后,从中亚能源出口国、进口国和输送过境国三个方面探讨了中国对中亚能源地缘政治格局演变的影响,并提出了中国的应对策略.  相似文献   

中国区域发展过程的空间多功能利用演变   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

鲁春霞  谢高地  马蓓蓓  冯跃 《资源科学》2009,31(4):531-537

区域空间的多功能利用是应对土地资源短缺、实现区域合理分工的重要途径。土地多功能协调利用是区域空间多功能利用的基础。本文回顾了在近60年来的发展过程中,我国对区域土地空间功能的利用从无意识到有意识、从单一功能到多功能综合利用的演变过程：①论述了1949年以来,我国在不同的区域发展战略下区域空间功能格局的演变过程;②总结了我国土地空间利用从以农牧业生产为主的单一土地利用向工业和城镇建设用地不断增大的多功能利用演变,从突出生产功能向注重“生产、生态、生活”功能一体化的发展方向转变的特征;③对我国各阶段的空间功能格局的区域发展效应进行了评价,指出长期对单一经济功能的追求导致了区域发展过程中对土地其他功能的忽视,造成了生态环境破坏、资源浪费、区域间的恶性竞争和专业化分工的缺失;④指出积极促进区域空间的多功能协调利用是中国在土地资源不足的情况下,应对经济全球化背景中日趋激烈的国际竞争,实现区域可持续发展的必然选择。  相似文献