大学生运动员应对方式的特点及其与自我意识的关系——一项典型相关研究     

郭璐 《北京体育大学学报》2013,36(2):84-87

大学生运动员的应对方式特点及其影响因素是运动心理学领域的重要研究问题之一。以202名大学生运动员为研究参与者,测量其应对方式及自我意识,探讨大学生运动员应对方式的特点,并利用典型相关分析,探讨大学生应对方式与自我意识间的典型相关关系。结果表明,大学生使用解决问题和处理情绪的应对显著多于回避和超越应对。其应对方式与自我意识间存在显著的相关关系,可以提取两个典型相关变量对,分别将其命名为"自我提升"和"形象维护"维度。  相似文献   

Torque–velocity characteristics and contractile rate of force development in elite badminton players     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(3):127-134

Abstract

Elite badminton requires muscular endurance combined with appropriate maximal and explosive muscle strength. The musculature of the lower extremities is especially important in this context since rapid and forceful movements with the weight of the body are performed repeatedly throughout a match. In the present study, we examined various leg-strength parameters of 35 male elite badminton players who had been performing resistance exercises as part of their physical training for several years. The badminton players were compared with an age-matched reference group, the members of whom were physically active on a recreational basis, and to the same reference group after they had performed resistance training for 14 weeks. Maximal muscle strength of the knee extensor (quadriceps) and flexor muscles (hamstrings) was determined using isokinetic dynamometry. To measure explosive muscle strength, the contractile rate of force development was determined during maximal isometric muscle contractions. In general, the badminton players showed greater maximal muscle strength and contractile rate of force development than the reference group: mean quadriceps peak torque during slow concentric contraction: 3.69 Nm · kg^?1, s=0.08 vs. 3.26 Nm · kg^?1, s=0.8 (P<0.001); mean hamstring peak torque during slow concentric contraction: 1.86 Nm · kg^?1, s=0.04 vs. 1.63 Nm · kg^?1, s=0.04 (P<0.001); mean quadriceps rate of force development at 100 ms: 24.4 Nm · s^?1·kg^?1, s=0.5 vs. 22.1 Nm·s^?1 · kg^?1, s=0.6 (P<0.05); mean hamstring rate of force development at 100 ms: 11.4 Nm · s^?1·kg^?1, s=0.3 vs. 8.9 Nm · s^?1 · kg^?1, s=0.4 (P<0.05). However, after 14 weeks of resistance training the reference group achieved similar isometric and slow concentric muscle strength as the badminton players, although the badminton players still had a higher isometric rate of force development and muscle strength during fast (240° · s^?1) quadriceps contractions. Large volumes of concurrent endurance training could have attenuated the long-term development of maximal muscle strength in the badminton players. The badminton players had a higher contractile rate of force development than the reference group before and after resistance training. Greater explosive muscle strength in the badminton players might be a physiological adaptation to their badminton training.  相似文献   

Gene-talk and sport-talk: A view from the radical middle ground     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(4):223-230

Abstract

In this paper, we explore and reflect critically on what elite sport may expect or fear from genetic technologies. In particular, we explore the language in which we (where ‘‘we’’ denotes scientists, sports scientists, the media, sports coaches, academics) tend to speak about genetics, elite sport, and the human body – we call this language ‘‘gene-talk’’ – which imagines the world of elite sport as one in which genes were always dominant in athletic performance. The dominant question here seems to be whether what is thought to be possible ought to be, and can be realized. We unpack the question by asking whether the practices needed for genetics to intervene so powerfully in elite sport exist in the straightforward and uncomplicated manner that the ‘‘gene-talk’’ literature seems to suggest. We argue that there is a lack of relevant studies to support and analyse the notion of sports performance as an immensely rich and complex practice.We conclude that elite sport may be more complex and heterogeneous than ‘‘gene-talk’’ has imagined to date.  相似文献   

Cold water immersion improves recovery of sprint speed following a simulated tournament     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(9):1166-1174

Abstract

It is a common requirement in tournament scenarios for athletes to compete multiple times in a relatively short time period, with insufficient recovery time not allowing full restoration of physical performance. This study aimed to develop a greater understanding of the physiological stress experienced by athletes in a tournament scenario, and how a commonly used recovery strategy, cold water immersion (CWI), might influence these markers. Twenty-one trained male games players (age 19?±?2; body mass 78.0?±?8.8?kg) were randomised into a CWI group (n?=?11) or a control group (n?=?10). To simulate a tournament, participants completed the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on three occasions in five days. Recovery was assessed at specific time points using markers of sprint performance, muscle function, muscle soreness and biochemical markers of damage (creatine kinase, CK), inflammation (IL-6 and C-Reactive Protein) and oxidative stress (lipid hydroperoxides and activity of 6 lipid-soluble antioxidants). The simulated tournament was associated with perturbations in some, but not all, markers of physiological stress and recovery. Cold water immersion was associated with improved recovery of sprint speed 24?h after the final LIST (ES?=?0.83?±?0.59; p?=?.034) and attenuated the efflux of CK pre- and post-LIST 3 (p?<?.01). The tournament scenario resulted in an escalation of physiological stress that, in the main, cold water immersion was ineffective at managing. These data suggest that CWI is not harmful, and provides limited benefits in attenuating the deleterious effects experienced during tournament scenarios.  相似文献   

Low energy availability and low body fat of female gymnasts before an international competition     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(7):591-599

Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate dietary intake and body composition of elite rhythmic gymnastics (RG) athletes prior to a competition event. Sixty-seven rhythmic gymnasts (18.7 ± 2.9 years old) of high performance level, with 36.6 ± 7.6 h of training/week were evaluated in order to collect training and competition data, medical and gynaecological history, detailed dietary intake and body composition before an international competition. The majority of the participants (n = 40; 59.7%) had already menstruated, but age of menarche was delayed (15.3 ± 1.3 years) and all revealed menstrual irregularities. Gymnasts' body mass (48.4 ± 4.9 kg) and body mass index (BMI; 17.4 ± 1.1 kg/m²) were below the normal for age, and height (1.66 ± 0.05 m) was normal or even slightly above normal for age. Body fat was 9.0 ± 2.0% with no significant differences between age strata. Gymnasts exhibited low energy availability (EA; 31.5 ± 11.9 kcal/kg fat-free mass (FFM)/day). The average carbohydrate and protein intakes were 5.1 ± 2.3 g/kg/day and 1.6 ± 04 g/kg/day, which correspond to 51.4 ± 7.2% and 16.9 ± 3.4% of total energy intakes, respectively; average fat contribution was 33.0 ± 5.3%. Low intakes of pantothenic acid, folate and vitamins D, E and K and of minerals, including calcium, iron and magnesium were reported. Intakes of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins A, B-6, B-12, C and manganese and zinc were above-adequate (P < 0.05). Low EA, low body fat and micronutrient deficiencies are common among RG.  相似文献   

Effect of novel recovery garments utilising nanodiamond- and nanoplatinum-coated materials (DPV576-C) on physical and psychological stress in baseball players: A randomised,placebo-controlled trial     

《European Journal of Sport Science》2013,13(7):869-875

Abstract

Based on research suggesting that nanomaterial containing nanodiamond- and nanoplatinum-coated fibres (DPV576-C) may reduce the stress response, garments to enhance athletes’ recovery from training-induced stress have been manufactured. This study examined the effects of wearing recovery garments on the physical and psychological stress of Japanese male baseball players. Thirty-eight players aged 18–21 (19.6?±?0.2 years) who participated in a two-week intensified training programme were randomly assigned to two groups: 19 wore recovery (DPV576-C) garments (RG group) and 19 wore non-recovery garments (placebo group). Both groups wore the garments overnight. Mood states, using the Profile of Mood States questionnaire, and salivary cortisol levels were measured before (day 0) and after (day 14) the training period. Saliva samples were collected from 07:00–07:30 am. Both groups’ fatigue scores significantly increased after the training period (RG: 8.4?±?0.8–10.1?±?0.8 score; placebo: 9.8?±?1.0–11.7?±?1.0 score). The total mood disturbance (TMD) score increased significantly in the placebo group (21.0?±?2.3–27.2?±?3.0 score) but not in the RG group (17.4?±?2.7–20.2?±?2.2 score). Salivary cortisol concentrations decreased significantly in the RG group (0.71?±?0.08–0.49?±?0.05?μg/dL) but not in the placebo group (0.61?±?0.06–0.58?±?0.10?μg/dL). Therefore, wearing the DPV576-C garments overnight attenuated increases in TMD levels and decreased salivary cortisol levels following intensified training. DPV576-C garments may have beneficial effects on training-induced physical and psychological stress among athletes.  相似文献   

游泳运动员运动应激损伤评价实验研究     

邓运龙  何凯  田亚平  姜辉  闫琪  赵磊 《吉林体育学院学报》2013,29(3):11-13,17

通过血液、尿液标本的监控,对游泳运动员进行运动应激损伤评价的实验研究。方法：在安静状态、大负荷训练后2h内、次日晨,采集游泳队运动员的血、尿标本,进行相关指标的测试,并进行统计分析。结果：大负荷训练后,运动员出现应激反应,BU、CK、LDH等生化指标升高明显;RBC、Hb、HCT等指标降低,WBC显著升高,且主要是N的升高;尿液PRO、KET等出现弱阳性,次日晨有部分指标未完全恢复至安静水平。结论：血液BU、CK、LDH、RBC、Hb、HCT、WBC、N及尿液PRO、KET等指标,对游泳运动员的应激损伤评价具有参考价值。  相似文献   

我国花样滑冰双人滑运动员自信心培养策略研究     

王童 《吉林体育学院学报》2013,(6):68-69

根据花样滑冰双人滑运动的特点和现状,提出了对我国花样滑冰双人滑运动员自信心培养的策略,通过科学训练完善技术,加强运动员的艺术修养和对比赛成功情景的体验及加强赛前心理干预和赛后心理恢复等手段,帮助运动员在训练和比赛中提高自信心水平及专项心理能力,从而提高运动员竞技水平和运动成绩。  相似文献   

集体运动项目优秀运动员有效领导力及其影响     

雷雨 《湖北体育科技》2013,32(5):397-400

通过文献资料法,阐述了领导的相关概念,探究了在集体项目中优秀运动员有效领导力的构成因素,分析了集体运动项目中优秀运动员有效领导力的塑造与提升及其对运动队的影响。  相似文献   

英国高水平竞技体育人才培养的LTAD模式研究     

卢文云  陈宁  龚文平 《体育与科学》2013,(5)

本文分析了英国高水平竞技体育人才培养L T AD模式的认识基础、基本构架、组织管理、资金投入以及对运动员的文化教育,结合我国高水平竞技体育人才培养存在的问题,从顶层设计、组织管理模式、政府公共投资以及运动员的文化教育几个方面提出了我国高水平竞技体育人才培养模式改革的建议。  相似文献