Gender in teaching: a literature review     

Elien Sabbe  Antonia Aelterman 《Teachers and Teaching》2013,19(5):521-538

Internationally, both in popular and scientific media, debates occasionally emerge concerning the possible (negative) consequences of feminisation tendencies in the teaching staff. In these discussions, various assumptions about the ‘nature’ of male and female teachers and masculinity and femininity are expressed. Male and female teachers are often presumed to differ in teaching styles, capacities and effects on both the teaching profession and the pupils. The arguments used in these debates only seldom refer to particular theoretical grounds or to empirical evidence. Moreover, apart from Sandra Acker’s essay ‘Gender and teachers’ work’ in 1995 Acker, S. 1995. “Gender and teachers’ work”. In Review of research in education, Edited by: Apple, M. W. 99–162. Washington DC: American Educational Research Association. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], educational research lacks an up‐to‐date review of teacher gender. Therefore, this article aims to provide insight into contemporary theoretical gender perspectives. It also intends to connect these with empirical research that takes teacher gender into account. Most of the research studies referred to in this article do not explicitly state their underlying theoretical principles. Yet, since these studies have distinct research foci, research questions, methodologies and conclusions, they appear to depart from a variety of gender conceptualisations. Therefore, in this article the differences between these conceptualisations will be examined and the divergent theoretical assumptions underlying these studies will be revealed. The two most widespread and disparate perspectives in gender theory are the essentialist perspectives on the one hand and the constructionist perspectives on the other. The differences between them are made up by the degree to which explanations are deterministic and focused on the individual rather than on the social and cultural level. Drawing upon this theoretical contrast, we divided the body of research on teacher gender into two divergent research traditions: sex differences research and gender dynamics research. The research questions, underlying theoretical principles and methodologies of these two traditions are examined.  相似文献   

Relating Higher Education with the Labour Market: Graduates’ expectations and employers’ requirements     

Luminiţa Nicolescu  Cristian Pacaronun 《Tertiary Education and Management》2013,19(1):17-33

The paper takes into discussion the issue of quality of higher education services, from the perspective of graduates and employers as main beneficiaries of higher education services, by putting face to face expectations of students at graduation with employers’ requirements. In the two surveys conducted in 2006 in Romania, both graduates and employers have been asked about skills and abilities developed through higher education programmes and the extent to which these correspond to their expectations and requirements. The discussion is relevant to the vast literature presenting the skills debate, employment and graduates transition to the labour market, as well as to the literature presenting students’ expectations from higher education.  相似文献   

Research planning and management in non‐traditional research discipline areas     

Margaret Jackson  Rosemary O'Connor 《Tertiary Education and Management》2013,19(1):41-51

Abstract

In its drive for higher efficiency and effectiveness in higher education, the Australian Commonwealth Government released its policy on higher education, Higher Education: A Policy Statement during the late 1980s which contributed to the introduction of performance indicators to manage and assess the performance of the higher education system. The research component of annual Commonwealth funding to universities, called the Research Quantum, is now distributed by a set of performance indicators: external research income, publications count and higher degree research completions. This paper analysed the impact of these indicators on the research activities of Australian university academics based on Leibenstein's model of X‐efficiency. Although the impact of performance indicators on university academics was found to follow the pressure‐effort relationship, for some respondents, the increase in effort as a result of heightened pressure had involved strategic behaviour. Two conditions that are identified for the minimisation of an institution's X‐inefficiency despite high staff effort are a high ratio of maximising to non‐maximising decisions for both the staff and institution, and for all the institution's essential objectives/activities, and not just those which are measured by the performance indicators. The implications of these findings for the development and application of performance indicators are discussed.  相似文献   

Measuring Weathering and Nanoparticle Coating Impact on Surface Roughness of Natural Stones     

Simona Raneri  Jacopo Crezzini  Simona Arrighi  Francesco Boschin  Ilaria Alfieri  Germana Barone 《文物保护研究》2013,58(5):298-309

ABSTRACT

The surface texture of a stone represents a sensitive parameter in evaluating its conservation state. In monuments and sculptures, in fact, external agents continuously alter the appearance of stones, determining peculiar weathering patterns and modifying properties such as retention of water and particles, interaction with light, color, and finishing. The application of protective coatings also determines changes in surface appearance of a stone, usually evaluated and monitored by color change tests. Surface metrology methods offer the possibility to quantify these changes, evaluating the impact of external agents (natural, i.e. weathering, and artificially, i.e. protective coatings) on natural stones. In this research, we demonstrate the potential of surface areal measurements in describing the evolution of weathering processes and the effects of protective treatments on porous stone materials. The obtained results suggest that the extent of the modifications is related to the scale of observation (small- vs. large-scale undulations, i.e. roughness and waviness, respectively), with an overall increase of surface roughness as the weathering proceeds. Unexpectedly, coatings based on nanoparticle dispersions increase the topographic height parameters, due to the absence of a homogeneous film.  相似文献   

Good Models of Reference Service Transactions: Applying Quantitative Concepts to Generate Nine Characteristic Attributes of Soundness     

John Richardson Jr. 《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(2):159-177

The role of mental or formal models in most quantitative research is unquestioned and taken for granted, yet reference researchers have focused little attention on identifying the attributes of sound (i.e., good) models for understanding the reference transaction. The goal of this article is to promote the development of better models for understanding reference service. Based on a case study of reference service presented herein, sound models appear to be those that are clear and simple, comprehensive, convincing, insightful, parsimonious, provocative, well structured, testable, and understandable. In addition, this article identifies the spectrum of undesirable attributes—ambiguity, confusion, or needless complication.  相似文献   

Competitive Strategy Analysis in the International Document Delivery Services: A View from Taiwan     

《Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Electronic Reserve》2013,23(2):101-113

ABSTRACT

The authors examine international document delivery services, both from libraries and information brokers, between Taiwan and other countries. After examining the current state of document delivery, uses business techniques, including SWOT Analysis (Strength and Weakness Evaluation), to suggest ways to improve and increase the volume of materials sent from Taiwan to the rest of the world.  相似文献   

ILLiad: Customer-Focused Interlibrary Loan Automation     

《Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Electronic Reserve》2013,23(4):31-47

ABSTRACT

ILLiad is an interlibrary loan borrowing system designed and implemented in the University Libraries at Virginia Tech. ILLiad models the ILL borrowing process so as to track the status of an ILL request as it is processed, either by the staff or by software. This process approach to automating interlibrary loan is leading to fundamental improvements in ILL management and service. The process approach allows continued expansion and modification of the system, including the addition of electronic delivery of articles. The process approach results in substantial improvements in customer service by allowing customers to intervene directly in the borrowing process without staff assistance.  相似文献   

Stress Relief: Help for the Technophobic Patron from the Reference Desk     

《The Reference Librarian》2013,54(69-70):31-47

Summary

Although much has been written on technophobia and how it can be treated, little has been published on how the reference librarian can help. Limiting the time spent introducing new technologies, speaking without using computer jargon, offering instruction through different learning styles, and preparing patrons to deal with the problems they encounter are a few of the strategies the reference librarian can do to help patrons deal with their fear of computers. This article examines and defines technophobia, offers short-term strategies that reference staff can use to alleviate the anxiety of their technophobic patrons, and finally touches upon long-term solutions and changes that can be made within the library environment itself.  相似文献   

《党政机关公文处理工作条例》视野下的公文写作教学初探     

杨芳 《郧阳师范高等专科学校学报》2013,33(1):61-66

《党政机关公文处理工作条例》于2012年4月16日由中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅联合发布,并于7月1日起正式实施,新条例势必会大大推进我国现有公文处理的科学性、规范性,统一性以及高效性。与此同时,它也将给高校的公文写作教学带来新的课题,提出新的任务。  相似文献   

徕卡GS15-GPS RTK测量的应用研究     

贾涛 《辽宁科技学院学报》2012,14(3):14-17

文章通过实测控制网及工程放样,在静态观测数据的基准下,以某校园GPS控制网为例,利用徕卡GS15 - GPS接收机进行RTK模式测量控制点坐标,与静态观测数据进行对比分析;同时利用CORS的单基准站模式,测量控制点的坐标,与静态观测数据进行对比分析;通过一系列的实践和对比分析,不仅正确掌握了徕卡GS15 - GPS接收机的操作及应用,而且证明了其精度完全可以满足各项工程的要求.  相似文献