Manipulation of logical structure of chemistry problems and its effect on student performance     

Mansoor Niaz  William R. Robinson 《科学教学研究杂志》1992,29(3):211-226

It has been shown previously that manipulation of the M demand (amount of information needed for processing) of chemistry problems affects student performance, which suggests that manipulation of logical structure of chemistry problems could also lead to significant changes in performance. The objective of this study is to investigate the following: Given the opportunity for training, what is the effect of increasing (manipulation) the complexity of logical structure of chemistry problems on student performance, and to what extent can cognitive variables explain changes in performance. Results obtained show that (a) even a small increase in the logical structure of a problem can change the role of cognitive variables (mental capacity and formal reasoning) to the extent that increase in logical complexity outweighs the advantage students may have gained through training on a similar problem; (b) the use of algorithms and training on particular types of chemistry problems could lead to a situation in which formal reasoning is the only cognitive variable that explains variance in performance significantly; and (c) after having solved very similar problems on two different occasions with improving performance, the improvement is not retained if the logical structure of a third problem increases considerably. It is concluded that when dealing with significant changes in logical complexity of chemistry problems, developmental level of students is the most consistent predictor of success. A model for the qualitative analysis of logical complexity of chemistry problems is presented.  相似文献   

Editor’s Note: Remembering Jere Brophy     

Daniel Robinson 《Educational Psychology Review》2009,21(4):291-301

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Preservice and inservice teachers’ perceptions of appropriateness of teacher self-disclosure     

Shaoan Zhang  Qingmin Shi  Stephen Tonelson  Jack Robinson   《Teaching and Teacher Education》2009,25(8):1117-1124

This study investigated preservice and inservice teachers' perceptions of appropriateness of teacher self-disclosure. A sample of 180 preservice teachers and 135 preK-12 teachers participated in the study. Results showed statistically significant differences between the groups of teachers in their perceptions of appropriateness of teacher self-disclosure in the three dimensions: Uncommon Topics, Uncommon Purposes, and Consideration of Students. No significant differences were found in the two dimensions: Common Topics and Common Purposes. This study makes an excellent contribution to the theoretical framework of the study of teacher self-disclosure and also provides implications for teaching and teacher education.  相似文献   

Children's Trust in Previously Inaccurate Informants Who Were Well or Poorly Informed: When Past Errors Can Be Excused     

Erika Nurmsoo  and Elizabeth J. Robinson 《Child development》2009,80(1):23-27

Past research demonstrates that children learn from a previously accurate speaker rather than from a previously inaccurate one. This study shows that children do not necessarily treat a previously inaccurate speaker as unreliable. Rather, they appropriately excuse past inaccuracy arising from the speaker's limited information access. Children ( N = 67) aged 3, 4, and 5 years aimed to identify a hidden toy in collaboration with a puppet as informant. When the puppet had previously been inaccurate despite having full information, children tended to ignore what they were told and guess for themselves: They treated the puppet as unreliable in the longer term. However, children more frequently believed a currently well-informed puppet whose past inaccuracies arose legitimately from inadequate information access.  相似文献   

Editor’s Note     

Daniel H. Robinson 《Educational Psychology Review》2010,22(3):187-187

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规模、范围和创新：远程教育和电子化教学的若干挑战和机遇     

伯纳特·罗宾逊  夏倩 《现代远距离教育》2010,(1):25-30

规模经济效应已成为“传统”远程教育（福特模式）的众多优势之一,也让单一模式的大学能以较低的价格提供优质的服务。而远程教育的范围经济效应虽然还没有获得足够的重视,但随着电子化教学的出现,越来越多各种形式的远程教育机构开始提供定制化的学习方式,范围经济效应也变得更为重要了。远程教育的规模经济效应和范围经济效应在帮助远程教育机构获利的同时,也对这些机构提出了更多要求。大型远程教育大学和小型网上课程提供者都有各自的难处,前者很难实现范围经济效应,而后者则发现规模经济效应难以企及。将两种效应最大化是难点之一,如果可能,还要了解其中的变化。本文将探讨规模和范围经济效应与远程教育和电子化教学的关系,并提出一个问题,即如何实现这两种效应。若要在规模经济效应和范围经济效应之间求得一个平衡,则很有可能需要进行组织机构的改变,特别是如果需要进行类似电子化教学这样的创新活动。因此,本文也将涉及教育机构如何应对创新相关的问题。本文提出的一系列问题目前尚无解答,我们等待有充分理论和研究依据的答案．  相似文献   

Teachers communicating about life-limiting conditions,death and bereavement     

Sally Robinson  Alison Ekins  Ian Durrant  Kathryn Summers 《Pastoral Care in Education》2018,36(1):57-69

The number of children with life-limiting or life-threatening conditions in England is double what it was at the millennium. These conditions include cystic fibrosis, cancer, organ failure and severe neurological injuries. The Teaching for Life project aimed to explore the needs of teachers working in English schools in relation to working with children with life-limiting or life-threatening conditions. Ninety teachers completed a questionnaire and 38 completed individual and group interviews. About half the teachers interviewed had experience of working with children with life-limiting or life-threatening conditions, and half did not. The teachers expressed a number of anxieties about coping with illness, death and bereavement. They described difficulties in communicating with parents, children and health professionals. They worried about maintaining their professional role whilst needing to contain their own emotions and the emotions of others, within school cultures that did not feel supportive. The paper concludes that policies and practices that seek to support children with medical conditions need to acknowledge the weight of responsibility for teachers. They need to articulate with a whole school approach that protects and promotes teachers’ emotional well-being.  相似文献   

The influence of Cardan rotation sequence on angular orientation data for the lower limb in the soccer kick     

Adrian Lees  Gabor Barton  Mark Robinson 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(4):445-450

Abstract

The influence of the Cardan rotation sequence on the orientation angles for joints is well known but has not been explored for dynamic sports movements. The purpose of this study is to establish the influence of Cardan rotation sequence on the orientation angles of the ankle, knee, and hip of the support leg and pelvis during dynamic sports movements, typified by a maximal instep kick in soccer. We found that: (a) the X (flexion/extension) axis rotations provide data that are robust for any sequence used other than the YXZ sequence, although the Y (abduction/adduction) and Z (internal/external) axes rotations are variable in both shape and offset magnitude; (b) the preferred rotation sequence is either XYZ or XZY for dynamic sports movements, although for the soccer kick the XYZ rotation sequence has been widely used and so this is recommended as a standard; and (c) most uncertainties exist in the Y and Z axes and are most apparent at the beginning of the movement. Where uncertainty exists in identifying Y and Z axes orientations, the integrated angular velocity may be considered as an alternative to determine the relative changes in segment orientation.  相似文献   

Instructional Climates in Preschool Children Who Are At-Risk. Part II     

Leah E. Robinson  Mary E. Rudisill  Jacqueline D. Goodway 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):543-551

In Part II of this study, we examined the effect of two 9-week instructional climates (low-autonomy [LA] and mastery motivational climate [MMC]) on perceived physical competence (PPC) in preschoolers (N = 117). Participants were randomly assigned to an LA, MMC, or comparison group. PPC was assessed by a pretest, posttest, and retention test with the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance. A significant Treatment × Time interaction (p < .001) was present, supporting that MMC participants reported significantly higher PPC scores over time, while no positive changes were present in LA and comparison participants. The results show that an MMC leads to psychological benefits related to achievement motivation. These findings should encourage early childhood educators to consider the effect of instructional climates on children's self-perception.  相似文献   

The FTSE-British Olympic Association Initiative: A resource dependence perspective     

Stephen Morrow  Leigh Robinson 《Sport Management Review》2013,16(4):413-423

The Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)-British Olympic Association (BOA) Initiative, a partnership scheme initiated in 2007 between a number of FTSE 100 companies and Olympic National Governing Bodies (NGBs) in the UK, seeks to improve the effectiveness of the Olympic NGBs delivery and subsequent performance through the provision of support in-kind from the corporate partner. The paper uses resource dependency theory to analyse the partnerships within the Initiative, focusing primarily on the operation and benefits of those partnerships from the perspective of the Olympic NGBs. Despite being the less powerful party in the partnership, the NGBs are able to use the partnerships to acquire critical resources. While the benefits received by the companies are softer and more social in nature, nevertheless they demonstrate mutual dependency between the partners. This knowledge provides an incentive for NGBs to engage in co-optation and constraint activities as a way to strengthen the dependency relationships and protect their position.  相似文献