Teaching at a Distance — Reflections on the relationship between discipline‐based and general teaching theories     

Klaus Müller  Gerhard Schneider  Wolfgang Schulz 《Distance Education》1985,6(1):91-101

German readers would immediately associate the term ‘discipline-based’ with Didaktik, which in the German-speaking world is an established branch of education science. The first section therefore deals with the development of Didaktik, understood as a theory of teaching and learning which seeks to investigate the relationships between discipline-based and general teaching theories. Didaktik was originally a strictly theory-oriented discipline in German-speaking countries, but changes in its terms of reference have led to an acceptance of the more pragmatically oriented curriculum theory of the English-speaking world. The term ‘discipline-based’ seems to indicate that here, too, education science has turned its back on positivistic, ‘purely scientific’ standards, so a knowledge of the German discussion of teaching-learning theory may be of interest.

The second section shows that in distance education, too, general teaching models need concretization in terms of discipline-based teaching theory, and that on the other hand, any discipline-based theory needs to have its foundations in general teaching theory, i.e. in pedagogic principles.

The third section therefore postulates the necessity of a theory of distance education which is based on practical experience.  相似文献   

Concepts of special educational need     

Klaus Wedell 《Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs》2003,3(2):104-108

Editor's note. This article first appeared in 'Education Today' in 1981. At that time issues of classification and categorisation of children with special educational needs were being debated in many countries, and in England an enquiry into the education of children with disabilities had recommended the abolition of categories of disability in favour of the concept of special educational need ( DES, 1978 ). Today, as the government consults on the reintroduction of disability categories, it seems appropriate to reconsider this concept and the thinking that led to its adoption.
The use of the male pronoun has been retained in this article for fluency of reading. 'He' and 'his' should be understood as 'he or she' and 'his or her'.
The article is reprinted with the kind permission of the College of Teachers – http://www.collegeofteachers.ac.uk .  相似文献   

Learning qualitative and quantitative reasoning in a microworld for elastic impacts     

Rolf Ploetzner  Hans Spada  Michael Stumpf  Klaus Opwis 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1990,5(4):501-516

From a psychological point of view efficient teaching by means of an intelligent tutoring system necessarily involves that the communication of knowledge is adapted to the requirements of the learner: to her cognitive abilities, her pre-instructional knowledge and her learning capabilities. To tackle these topics in a precise way, we have developed the artificial-intelligence-based microworld DiBi (disk billiard) and MULEDS, a multi-level diagnosis system. The microworld DiBi sets up a learning environment which simulates elastic impacts as a subtopic of classical mechanics. DiBi enables and supports reasoning on different levels of mental domain representation ordered along the dimension ‘qualitative/quantitative’. This way of representing the domain provides a basis for passive adaptation in an advanced way. Correspondingly, active adaptation is supported by MULEDS, wherein student modeling is realized by assessing the student’s correct and/or incorrect domain-specific knowledge at these different levels. Within this psychological perspective, the use of instructional tools, such as the microworld DiBi and the computerized diagnosis system MULEDS, aims at gradually supporting and guiding the student in the construction of more and more powerful an sound domain representations. The progression through these levels of domain representation will enable the student to solve the problems posed by the domain in a flexible way.  相似文献   

Institutional and academic entrepreneurship: implications for university governance and management     

Klaus Anderseck 《Higher Education in Europe》2004,29(2):193-200

The teaching of Entrepreneurship in universities, particularly in the German‐speaking countries, began to take off in the 1990s. Once the idea was accepted, introduction of chairs and course programmes posed no particular difficulties. Some traditional academics have questioned the academic rigour of the subject, particularly when the teaching and practical training aspects of Entrepreneurship have been in greater demand than the research aspect. The author gives pointers as to how best to set up Entrepreneurship programmes in unviversities as per three models: the campus‐based integrative model, the campus independent model, and the campus‐based dual model. Two American examples of the latter model are presented.  相似文献   

The 2001 Benjamin Franklin medal in chemistry presented to K. Barry Sharpless     

Klaus H Theopold 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2002,339(3):307-314

The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA awarded the 2001 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Chemistry to K. Barry Sharpless for his important innovative scientific contributions to the field of asymmetric catalytic oxidation, which resulted in highly enantioselective processes for the epoxidation, dihydroxylation and aminohydroxylation of olefins.  相似文献   

Implementing R&D policies: an analysis of Spain's pharmaceutical research program     

Klaus Desmet  Praveen Kujal  Flix Lobo 《Research Policy》2004,33(10):1493-1507

We analyze Spain's National Pharmaceutical Research Program using detailed firm-level data. We find differences between ex ante announced evaluation criteria and ex post implementation. This suggests that judging R&D programs on their design, rather than their implementation, may be misleading. We also uncover that the apparent discrimination against non-European firms can be interpreted as a premium to having local production facilities. Overall, the program values firms on the basis of criteria, such as R&D investment and patent spending, consistent with empirically tested measures of innovative activity.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

T. N. Postlethwaite  David Phillips  Wilfried Hartmann  Teame Mebrahtu  Phillip Mckenzie  Glenn L. Swafford  A. J. Cropley  Hans Pelgrum  Klaus Schleicher 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1988,34(1):125-139

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Introduction to the Treatment of Non-Linear Effects Using a Gravitational Pendulum     

Klaus Weltner  Antonio Sergio C. Esperidião  Paulo Miranda 《Science & Education》2004,13(7-8):611-629

We show that the treatment of pendulum movement, other than the linear approximation,may be an instructive experimentally based introduction to the physics of non-lineareffects. Firstly the natural frequency of a gravitational pendulum is measured as functionof its amplitude. Secondly forced oscillations of a gravitational pendulum are investigatedexperimentally without limiting amplitudes. By this arrangement new phenomena, thebistability and the jump-effect, can be observed. In the case of bistability the drivengravitational pendulum can oscillate in two different stable modes. Either it oscillateswith a small amplitude and approximately in phase with the exciting torque or it oscillateswith a larger amplitude and approximately anti-phase. The jump effect is the spontaneoustransition from one mode of oscillation to the other. Both effects can be demonstrated andexplained.  相似文献   

#6: no separation of mother and baby with unlimited opportunity for breastfeeding          下载免费PDF全文

Jeannette C  Klaus PH  Klaus MH 《The Journal of perinatal education》2004,13(2):35-41

In this position paper-one of six care practice papers published by Lamaze International and reprinted here with permission-the value of keeping mothers and their babies together from the moment of birth is discussed and presented as an evidenced-based practice that helps promote, protect, and support normal birth. The paper is written for childbearing women and their families. Babies held skin-to-skin with their mothers cry less often, breathe easier, and stay warmer than babies who are separated from their mothers. They also instinctively attach to the breast and begin breastfeeding, usually within one hour of birth. The advantages of rooming-in for mother and baby are also discussed. The accompanying commentary-written by two leading professionals in the field of maternity care and pediatrics-provides further evidence to support the practice of keeping mothers and their babies together after birth. Lamaze International encourages women to give birth in settings that do not separate mothers and babies after birth.  相似文献   

Die Notwendigkeit Einer Anthropologisch-Ökologischen Dimension In Der Curriculum-Entwicklung     

Klaus Schleicher 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1977,23(1):79-95

Zusammenfassung In pluralistischen Demokratien üben konkurrierende Wertsysteme, kurze Wahlperioden und wirtschaftliche Erfordernisse erheblichen Einfluss auf die Bildungspolitik und Forschungsstrategien im Bildungsbereich aus. Langfristige und Nebenwirkungen machen sich vor allem auf dem Gebiet der Kosten, wirtschaftlicher Input/output Verhältnisse und organisatorischer Probleme bemerkbar. Daher befindet sich das Bildungswesen meistens in einer ganz ähnlichen Gesamtsituation wie die Ökologie mit all den Folgen kurzfristiger ökonomischer und technischer Strategien auf die Umwelt. Ökologische Forschung und Politik konzentrieren sich fast ausschliesslich auf die technologischen Nebenwirkungen; weder die Ökologie noch die Pädagogik schenken der zunehmenden Schrumpfung der psycho-physischen Ressourcen des Menschen viel Beachtung. Folglich wird der Tatsache noch wenig Rechnung getragen, dass der Mensch sowohl Erzeuger als auch Produkt dieser gestörten Umwelt ist; dass die Krise der menschlichen Aussenwelt und die seiner Innenwelt miteinander verknüpft sind; und dass diese anthropologisch-ökologische Dimension ein Minimum an gemeinsamen erzieherischen Interessen in verschiedenen Wertsystemen gewährleisten könnte. Es muss eine pädagogische Überlebensethik entwickelt werden, die der Curriculum-Entwicklung eine neue Dimension hinzufügt, und neue Strategien müssen bereits bei der Früherziehung des Kindes eingesetzt werden.

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In pluralistic democracies competing value systems, short term election periods and economic demands influence educational policy and research strategies quite strongly. Long term effects and side effects are primarily perceived in terms of financial cost, economical input-output relations and organisational problems. The overall situation in education therefore tends to be similar to the environmental situation with all its ecological consequences because of short term economic and technical strategies. Ecological research and policy concentrate almost completely on technological side effects and neither ecology nor education really care for the growing limitation of psycho-biological resources of the human being. Consequently there is still little recognition of the fact that man is the producer of the obstructed ecology as well as a product of that environment; that the crisis of the outer and inner world of man are interrelated; that an anthropo-ecological dimension could guarantee a minimum of common educational concern in different value systems. An educational ethic for survival has to be developed, it has to add a new dimension to curriculum development, and such concern has to begin with new strategies in early childhood education.

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Résumé Dans les démocraties pluralistes, les systèmes de valeur en compétition, les périodes d'élections à court intervalle et les exigences économiques influencent assez fortement la politique de l'éducation et les stratégies de recherche. Les effets à long terme et les effets secondaires sont perçus essentiellement du point de vue des coûts financiers, des rapports économiques investissement-rendement et des problèmes d'organisation. La situation générale de l'éducation a, par conséquent, tendance à être similaire à la situation du milieu avec toutes ses conséquences écologiques, à cause de ses stratégies économiques et techniques à court terme. La recherche et la politique écologiques se concentrent presque complètement sur les effets secondaires technologiques et, ni l'écologie ni l'éducation se préoccupent vraiment de la limitation des ressources psycho-physiques croissante de l'être humain. Par conséquent, on reconnaît encore très peu le fait que l'homme est le producteur de l'écologie obstruée ainsi qu'un produit de ce milieu; que la crise du monde intérieur et extérieur de l'homme soient étroitement reliées; qu'une dimension anthropo-écologique puisse garantir un minimum de préoccupation commune en éducation dans les différents systèmes de valeur. Une éthique pédagogique afin de survivire doit être développée, elle doit ajouter une nouvelle dimension au développement du curriculum et, une telle préoccupation doit commencer avec les nouvelles stratégies dans l'éducation de l'enfance.

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