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1.
Continued advancement in the field of physical activity and health promotion relies heavily on the synthesis of rigorous scientific evidence. As such, systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials have led to a better understanding of which intervention strategies are superior (i.e., produce the greatest effects) in physical activity-based health behavior change interventions. Indeed, standard meta-analytic approaches have allowed researchers in the field to synthesize relevant experimental evidence using pairwise procedures that produce reliable estimates of the homogeneity, magnitude, and potential biases in the observed effects. However, pairwise meta-analytic procedures are only capable to discerning differences in effects between a select intervention strategy and a select comparison or control condition. In order to maximize the impact of physical activity interventions on health-related outcomes, it is necessary to establish evidence concerning the comparative efficacy of all relevant physical activity intervention strategies. The development of network meta-analysis (NMA)—most commonly used in medical-based clinical trials—has allowed for the quantification of indirect comparisons, even in the absence of direct, head-to-head trials. Thus, it stands to reason that NMA can be applied in physical activity and health promotion research to identify the best intervention strategies. Given that this analysis technique is novel and largely unexplored in the field of physical activity and health promotion, care must be taken in its application to ensure reliable estimates and discernment of the effect sizes among interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to comment on the potential application and importance of NMA in the field of physical activity and health promotion, describe how to properly and effectively apply this technique, and suggest important considerations for its appropriate application in this field. In this paper, overviews of the foundations of NMA and commonly used approaches for conducting NMA are provided, followed by assumptions related to NMA, opportunities and challenges in NMA, and a step-by-step example of developing and conducting an NMA.  相似文献   
2.
Basic subjects in medical education, such as anatomy, are often taught through teaching formats that do not always sufficiently demonstrate the relevance of this basic information for clinical practice. Accordingly, it is a recent trend in anatomy education to link anatomical information more explicitly to clinical practice. This article presents an online video platform (Tuebingen’s Sectio Chirurgica [TSC]) as one means of explicitly integrating preclinical anatomical knowledge and clinical application. The purpose of the study presented here was to examine the effects of videos through which medical students were educated about Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstruction. A TSC video about this surgical procedure was compared to a video with a traditional lecture providing the identical information. Participants (n = 114) perceived the TSC video to be superior in comprehensibility of the presentation (P = 0.003) and conceivability of the surgical procedure (P = 0.027), and to be more entertaining (P < 0.001). Moreover, participants in the TSC condition acquired more clinical knowledge than in the lecture condition (P = 0.043) but did not differ in their acquisition of anatomical knowledge. Mediation analyses indicated that the effect on the acquisition of clinical knowledge was mediated by comprehensibility, conceivability, and entertainment. These findings are discussed regarding their implications for medical education in terms of contributing to the general trend of linking preclinical anatomical knowledge to clinical application. A discussion about the limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are also provided.  相似文献   
3.
对近代学徒制异变的养成工制进行研究。通过对养成工制的起源、类型、招考、培养、管理等进行全面的梳理和分析,了解我国民族工业发展进程中学徒制的演进。  相似文献   
4.
ABSTRACT

We performed a randomized, controlled trial to analyse the effects of resistance training (RT) on cognitive and physical function among older adults. Fifty participants (mean age 67 years, ~60% woman) were randomly assigned to an RT program or a control group. Participants allocated to RT performed three sets of 10-15RM in nine exercises, three times per week, for 12-weeks. Control group did not perform any exercise. Variables included cognitive (global and executive function) and physical function (gait, mobility and strength) outcomes. At completion of the intervention, RT was shown to have significantly mitigated the drop in selective attention and conflict resolution performance (Stroop test: -494.6; 95%CI: -883.1; ?106.1) and promoted a significant improvement in working memory (digit span forward: -0.6; 95%CI: ?1.0; ?0.1 and forward minus backward: -0.9; 95% CI: ?1.6; ?0.2) and verbal fluency (animal naming: +1.4, 95%CI 0.3, 2.5). No significant between-group differences were observed for other cognitive outcomes. Regarding physical function, at completion of the intervention, the RT group demonstrated improved fast-pace gait performance (?0.3; 95% CI: ?0.6; ?0.0) and 1-RM (+21.4 kg; 95%CI: 16.6; 26.2). No significant between-group differences were observed for other mobility-related outcomes. In conclusion, RT improves cognitive and physical function of older adults.  相似文献   
5.
Increasing evidence indicates that individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ID) might benefit from phonics‐based reading instruction. However, research and instruction in this field has predominantly focused on sight word reading. Models for complex interventions recommend that feasibility research be conducted prior to conducting randomised studies to assess efficacy of interventions (Thabane et al., 2010). The aim of the current paper is therefore to investigate feasibility questions relating to conducting a full‐scale randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluation of an online, phonics‐based reading programme (Headsprout? Early Reading; HER) with children with ID. Employing a randomised pre‐test post‐test group design, this study explores and trials important aspects of a RCT evaluation to inform a full‐scale RCT. We also found that HER had a significant effect on reading skills when compared with ‘education as usual’, with large effect sizes on the main outcome measure. This indicates that further, more robust evaluations using HER with children with ID are a worthwhile pursuit.  相似文献   
6.
摘要:太极拳风靡海内外,但是近年来有报告对其安全性提出了质疑。分析已发表的随机对照试验文献,证实太极拳安全性。检索MEDLINE/PubMed,EBSCO host和the Cochrane Library从建库到2016年2月的文献。纳入标准:1)随机对照试验;2)两组平行;3)太极拳是核心干预;4)详细报告不良反应。使用Cochrane偏倚风险评价表评估纳入文献质量。研究结果:最终24项研究(26篇文献;2003-2016年;共1794受试者)符合纳入标准。12项研究报告了完整的随机序列生成和分配隐藏。太极拳与运动或非运动干预相比,严重、一般、干预引发的不良反应均无显著差异。与非运动干预相比,包含不良反应监测预案的研究与未提及的研究在一般不良反应发生数量上有显著差异(RD=0.05,95%CI:0.00,0.10;P= 0.05)。对于心脏病人来说,太极拳干预与非运动干预相比严重不良反应发生数量存在显著差异(RD=-0.11,95% CI:-0.20, -0.03;P= 0.01)。研究结论:在随机对照实验中,太极拳干预与其他运动或非运动干预相比是安全的,特别是适合心脏病人练习。希望今后的研究采用更严谨的研究方法,纳入足够的样本量,报告高质量的不良反应数据,这样才能更好地总结归纳评价太极拳的安全性。  相似文献   
7.
第三人撤销之诉是与案件具有法律上利害关系的第三人因不能归责于自己的事由而未能参加原诉讼,但原生效判决对其权益产生损害,请求法院撤销或改变原生效裁判中对其不利部分的诉讼行为。在法国、我国台湾地区等民事诉讼法中均有规定。虽然我国新民诉法增加了第三人撤销之诉,但在第三人撤销之诉的适格主体、诉讼客体、审理范围及配套措施方面仍有不足,因此有必要对原被告加以明确和细化,将仲裁文书纳入诉讼客体,赋予撤销之诉当事人上诉和再审的权利,并增加担保和罚金等惩戒方式来保障第三人撤销之诉的顺利运行。  相似文献   
8.
社区矫正中审前社会调查是对拟适用社区矫正的被告人或犯罪人进行基本情况、家庭状况、一贯表现、社区评价等方面的调查,预测其再犯可能性,为准确适用社区矫正,保证矫正效果提供重要依据。目前审前社会调查报告在法律上没有明确的性质,在诉讼程序中没有合理的运用机制,并没有普遍适用于适合社区矫正的成年被告人。文章通过借鉴美国"量刑前调查报告"的运用模式及我国未成年人审前社会调查报告的运用,明确社会调查员的诉讼地位和调查报告的证据属性,并为社会调查报告的法庭采纳程序提供意见,建议完善质证和证人出庭程序,保障社会调查报告的有效运用。  相似文献   
9.
用单摆测重力加速是中学物理较重要的实验,本文应用传统方法、计时器、传感器三种测量方式对重力加速度进行测量。三种测量方法均在误差范围内,结果发现利用传感器测量结果误差最小。  相似文献   
10.
The promotion of students’ achievement and competence in the so-called STEM disciplines is one cornerstone of current educational research and practice. In particular, as early as elementary school, the fostering of an adequate understanding of science is a normative goal of science education. It facilitates students’ science learning and enables them to understand the nature and development of scientific knowledge. Based on the relevance of the promotion of young children’s understanding of science, a corresponding science intervention was recently developed and successfully evaluated in a first study under highly controlled conditions. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of this intervention when implemented in practice. One hundred seventeen third- and fourth-grade students and 10 trained course instructors participated in this study. We applied a randomized block design with waitlist control groups and repeated measures. The results revealed that children assigned to the intervention compared with children assigned to the waitlist control group showed better inquiry-related methodological competencies (a better understanding of the scientific inquiry cycle and experimentation strategies) and a higher need for cognition. The findings point to the successful implementation of the intervention and are compared with the results of the first study.  相似文献   
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