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1.
ABSTRACT

Background: Cycling has gained more attention as an important lifelong physical activity. Learning to cycle independently without assistance is a milestone for most children that requires time and practice to master. Cycling was recently added to the motor development model and so a valid and reliable measure of cycling ability is required to allow accurate assessment of the skill. Cycling has many health benefits along with being a commonly reported physical activity globally and therefore is an important skill to promote in early childhood and throughout life. To date, there are no measurement tools examining the developmental process to independent cycling in the early childhood years. The current study aimed to develop and assess the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the ‘KIM Cycling Scale’.

Methods: Development of the scale occurred in four phases: (1) development of criteria and stages, which used observation of children when learning to cycle and expert panels to develop the initial developmental stages, (2) review of instructions and criteria and pilot inter-rater and test-retest reliability, to ensure that the scale could be used as a standalone scale without requiring further instructions (3) cycling intervention, which allowed assessment of the developmental nature of children along the scale as they learn to cycle independently and to assess typical and alternate routes to independent cycling and (4) inter-rater and test-retest reliability.

Results: Ninety children took part in phase 1, thirty-six children took part in phase 2, seventy-four children took part in phase 3 and one hundred and forty-nine children took part in phase 4. All three hundred and forty-nine children were between 2 and 6 years. The developed scale included eight stages in total. The scale was found to have excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC?=?0.97, 95% CI?=?0.96–0.98) and good to excellent test-retest reliability [(ICC?=?0.91, 95% CI?=?0.87–0.94) & (ICC?=?0.90, 95% CI?=?0.85–0.93)]. Typical routes to independent cycling along the scale were examined and reported as being step-wise on all occasions except one where a two stage jump was as common as the step-wise route. Alternate routes were also reported.

Conclusion: The current study developed a reliable measurement tool for assessing children between 2 and 6 years of age on the developmental process to independent cycling. Having a cycling scale will allow teachers and practitioners to assess competence in cycling and moreover, track changes in skill development. Furthermore, parents could also use the scale to better understand and better asses their child’s progression when learning to cycle.  相似文献   
2.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the factorial and convergent validity of the German translation of the Exercise Identity Scale (EIS; Anderson & Cychosz, 1994). We introduce a bifactor model as a possible alternative to the previously discussed one- and two-factor models. Using an online study with 530 participants, our results suggest that the EIS should be considered a unidimensional measure. For this one-factor model, temporal invariance (time interval: 2 weeks) and invariance between men and women could be established. Relations to similar constructs were in the expected directions. We provide a psychometrically sound German version of the EIS, which demonstrated factorial and convergent validity in this study. The use of the scale in German samples is likely to advance research on exercise adoption and maintenance by integrating the exercise identity construct.  相似文献   
3.
Abstract

Research suggests that certain characteristics of survey items may impact participants’ responses. In this study we investigated the impact of several of these characteristics: vague wording, question-versus-statement phrasing, and full-versus-partial labeling of response options. We manipulated survey items per these characteristics and randomly administered the manipulated and nonmanipulated items to two groups of respondents. We examined differences in responses via multiple groups confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) and found differences in factor means, slopes (indicating differing discrimination), and/or intercepts (indicating differing response extremity) for all conditions. Implications for survey construction are discussed.  相似文献   
4.
孙冰  康敏  毛鸿影 《现代情报》2018,38(9):122-131
作为推进经济全球化的重要模式之一,开放式创新正在成为众多学者关注的新领域。对开放式创新国外研究热点与主题进行分析,有助于学者们了解其研究的发展趋势,探寻未来的研究切入点。基于开放式创新领域的可视化图谱,从网络结构特征入手对该领域的国外相关文献进行指标测度与分析,识别出领域内的研究热点,并运用凝聚子群分析法和多维尺度分析法实现对该领域研究热点主题的探究和聚类验证,进而对各热点主题进行分析。  相似文献   
5.
文献检索质量是科研工作者和图书馆员共同关注的重要问题,但至今未见其简便易行的理想评价方法。在全面性、系统性、准确性、一致性、简明性、可操作性、可控性和目标性原则基础上构建文献检索质量评价量表并进行信度和效度分析检验,结果显示:量表信度指数Cronbach’sα系数为0.925;文献检索知识评价、文献检索过程评价、文献检索结果评价、信息利用程度等准则层Cronbach’sα分别为0.751、0.814、0.840和0.830,综合评分与准则层相关系数为0.5~0.9;通过因子分析确定因子载荷大于0.5的28个指标,累计方差贡献率达到了71.06%,通过信度、效度检验。该指标体系通过相关检验并得到优化,为科研中评价文献信息检索分析提供依据。  相似文献   
6.
Using nine years of student evaluation of teaching (SET) data from a large US research university, we examine whether changes to the SET instrument have a substantial impact on overall instructor scores. Our study exploits four distinct natural experiments that arose when the SET instrument was changed. To maximise power, we compare the same course/instructor before and after each of the four changes occurred. We find that switching from in-class, paper course evaluations to online evaluations generates an average change of ?0.14 points on a five-point scale, or 0.25 standard deviations (SDs) in the overall instructor ratings. Changing labelling of the scale and the wording of the overall instructor question generates another decrease in the average rating: ?0.15 of a point (0.27 SDs). In contrast, extending the evaluation period to include the final examination and offering an incentive (early grade release) for completing the evaluations do not have a statistically significant effect on the overall instructor rating. The cumulative impact of these individual changes is ?0.29 points (0.52 SDs). This large decrease shows that SET scores are not comparable over time when instruments change. Therefore, administrators should measure and account for such changes when using historical benchmarks for evaluative purposes (e.g. appointments and compensation).  相似文献   
7.
肖挺  黄先明 《科研管理》2018,39(2):108-116
我国制造企业正逐步从纯产品制造向专项提供“产品+服务”的组合,即进行服务化创新。本文通过对东中部若干省样本企业的调查研究分析影响企业服务化的因素,研究表明企业规模与服务化程度之间存在“倒U型”的关系,中等规模的企业最倾向于选择高度服务化。此外,服务化也和企业产品的工艺性、复杂性正相关,而企业创新能力越强则企业涉足服务化程度越深入,地区差异并不会对服务化水平产生实质性的影响,研究指出企业以及社会各界应当如技术创新一样重视服务化的作用。  相似文献   
8.
Background: Determining individuals’ views of the nature of science is quite important for researchers since it is both a component of scientific literacy and a fundamental aim of science education.

Purpose: This study aims to develop a NOSvs for assessing prospective teachers’ views of the nature of science and to analyse their psychometric properties.

Sample: A total of 565 prospective teachers participated in the study.

Design and methods: The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) Index and Bartlett’s Sphericity Test were used in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to determine the construct validity of the scale. Cronbach’s Alpha (α) coefficient was calculated for the reliability of the study.

Results: It was consequently found that the KMO was larger than .50. That Bartlett’s Sphericity Test was also statistically significant. The items with item-total correlations smaller than .30 were removed from the scale. Cronbach’s α values calculated for each sub-scale were above .70. In consequence of the first CFA performed, fit indices were found to be below the expected level. For this reason, three more items with the least item-total correlations were removed from the scale. Following the CFA, the final form of the scale included 36 items and five sub-scales.  相似文献   

9.
借助复杂系统理论对中国男子篮球职业联赛(中职篮)运营特征、中职篮外援引用模式的演变历程、外援与中职篮的关系及其存在问题进行分析。结果显示:中职篮属于社会复杂系统,多年来不同的外援引用模式设计对中职篮的发展起到了至关重要的作用。当前中职篮应抓住我国大力促进体育产业发展的良机,将"扩大外援引用规模"模式作为改革突破口,抓好外援引用细节管理,激活NBL联赛平台,加速中国职业篮球市场开发,进而实现中职篮品牌价值的稳步提升。  相似文献   
10.
The present study investigates the relationship between CEO’s information literacy and innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Even if information literacy’s business value has been recognized in recent literature, its impact on organizational innovation, a critical and strongly information intensive process, has never been studied before. Structural equation modeling based analysis of data collected from 184 company CEOs in Finland revealed that CEOs’ information literacy has a positive impact on the development of exploratory and exploitative innovations in SMEs. Additionally, opportunity recognition mediates the relationship between information literacy and innovation. Overall, the influence of information literacy is slightly stronger on exploitation than exploration. Nevertheless, the mutual positive effect suggests that information literacy enhances innovation ambidexterity in organizations. Based on these findings, we discuss theoretical and practical implications as well as future research opportunities in workplace information literacy research.  相似文献   
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