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1.
ABSTRACT

Background and Context: Current introductory instruction fails to identify, structure, and sequence the many skills involved in programming.

Objective: We proposed a theory which identifies four distinct skills that novices learn incrementally. These skills are tracing, writing syntax, comprehending templates (reusable abstractions of programming knowledge), and writing code with templates. We theorized that explicit instruction of these skills decreases cognitive demand.

Method: We conducted an exploratory mixed-methods study and compared students’ exercise completion rates, error rates, ability to explain code, and engagement when learning to program. We compared material that reflects this theory to more traditional material that does not distinguish between skills.

Findings: Teaching skills incrementally resulted in improved completion rate on practice exercises, and decreased error rate and improved understanding of the post-test.

Implications: By structuring programming skills such that they can be taught explicitly and incrementally, we can inform instructional design and improve future research on understanding how novice programmers develop understanding.  相似文献   
2.
摘要:目的:探讨大负荷运动对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体形态结构与功能的影响,为研究运动性骨骼肌损伤发生的机理奠定基础。方法:48只成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠,随机分为安静对照组(C,n=8)和运动组(E,n=40)。其中,E组按时相点划分为0 h、12 h、24 h、48 h、72 h等5组,每组各8只。E组大鼠在跑台上进行持续性下坡跑,跑台坡度为-16°,速度为16 m/min,运动时间为90 min。各组分别于对应时间点分离比目鱼肌进行检测。使用透射电子显微镜观察骨骼肌线粒体超微结构变化,采用ELISA方法检测各组大鼠比目鱼肌线粒体关键酶CS的含量以及线粒体呼吸链复合体Ⅱ、Ⅳ的活性,应用Western blot方法检测骨骼肌COXⅠ的蛋白表达。结果:一次大负荷运动后比目鱼肌线粒体出现明显肿胀、肌膜下积聚等超微结构异常变化,且伴有大量不同成熟阶段的自噬体形成,同时CS的含量和呼吸链复合体Ⅱ活性均明显下调(P<0.05),复合体Ⅳ活性及其亚基COXⅠ蛋白表达也出现下降。结论:一次大负荷运动可导致骨骼肌线粒体结构和功能受损,数量减少,导致细胞氧化磷酸化功能障碍,同时还诱导了自噬的发生,这可能是大负荷运动致骨骼肌损伤的重要原因之一。  相似文献   
3.
We report on the development, validation, and implementation of a collection of test items designed to detect misconceptions related to first-year computer science courses. To this end, we reworked the development scheme proposed by Almstrum et al. (SIGCSE Bulletin 38(4):132–145, 2006) to include students’ artifacts and to simultaneously incorporate think-aloud interviews and flash tests. We also investigated to what extent the practical efficiency of detecting certain misconceptions could be increased without significantly affecting the sensitivity of the instrument, and present positive and negative results regarding this goal. The results of a first transfer and implementation study suggest that it is indeed possible to use the test items in a large-scale practical setting – both as diagnostic instruments and as interventions.  相似文献   
4.
随着卫星技术的发展与成熟,星载分布式SAR和中高轨SAR越来越受到关注,但是其较长的合成孔径时间和大基线距对双站SAR成像提出了新的要求。基于单站等效思路,提出一种基于Bakhshali近似的双曲等效方法,设计了适用于该方法的CS成像流程。与基于泰勒二阶近似的双曲等效方法相比,该方法满足长合成孔径时间和基线距变化较大的情况下的成像要求。最后通过星载双站SAR的仿真实验验证了该方法的有效性。  相似文献   
5.
Photoshop软件在林业制图中的应用探讨   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
林业专题图件制作是一个较复杂的过程。通过Photoshop CS2软件制作专题图片,林业制图的速度和质量有较大提高。  相似文献   
6.
黄国平 《科教文汇》2010,(30):92-92,98
本文简述了高炉鼓风特点,介绍了日本横河电机的CENTUM CS3000集散控制系统硬件、系统软件总体设计组态。通过对主机脱湿部分工艺过程和对典型回路的控制方案分析,加深对DCS控制的理解,提升集散控制的应用能力。  相似文献   
7.
齐秀玲  李波  邓征宇  卢明 《大观周刊》2012,(46):221-221,257
田间药效试验表明,3%阿维菌素微囊悬浮剂对黄瓜根结线虫具有很好的防治效果,其药效随着用药量的增加而提高。其中,有效成分用量180g.ai/hm^2和225g.ai/hm^2,1.7药后两个月的防效为专磊24%和62.16%,明显南于1.8%阿堆菌素孔油的17.92%效果,且安全性好,因此可以在生产上加以推广应用。  相似文献   
8.
Computer science is possibly one of the few remaining disciplines almost entirely dominated by men, especially university staff and in the hi-tech industries. This phenomenon prevails throughout the western world; in Israel it starts in high school, where only 30% of students who choose to take computer science as an elective are women, and continues in university and college, where usually less than 30% of the entire computer science student population is female. In this paper we present data describing women taking the undergraduate computer science program at the Open University of Israel. Covering a period of 10 years, we have examined the enrollment and results of thousands of students on 20 undergraduate computer science courses. An attempt has been made to identify whether there is a specific stage in the undergraduate program which is more difficult for women to pass. The good news is that within the Open University of Israel out of the entire population of computer science students the percentage of female enrolments and the percentage of females graduating is almost the same, and the differences in average final grade between men and women are generally not significant. This study is unique because of the large number of students which served as the study population, covering the entire undergraduate program.  相似文献   
9.
详细讲述了使用Dreamweaver CS3制作博客的设计思路及操作步骤。  相似文献   
10.
采用CAN(Controller Area Network)构建汽车灯控制系统,基于英飞凌C167CS微控制器及智能功率器件设计了高端车用灯光控制模块,详细介绍其软、硬件的实现过程.该模块可实现对每个车灯的控制.  相似文献   
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