Carnosine in health and disease     

Guilherme Giannini Artioli  Craig Sale  Rebecca Louise Jones 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(1):30-39

Abstract

Carnosine was originally discovered in skeletal muscle, where it exists in larger amounts than in other tissues. The majority of research into the physiological roles of carnosine have been conducted on skeletal muscle. Given this and the potential for muscle carnosine content to be increased with supplementation, there is now a large body of research examining the ergogenic effects (or otherwise) of carnosine. More recent research, however, points towards a potential for carnosine to exert a wider range of physiological effects in other tissues, including the brain, heart, pancreas, kidney and cancer cells. Taken together, this is suggestive of a potential for carnosine to have therapeutic benefits in health and disease, although this is by no means without complication. Herein, we will provide a review of the current literature relating to the potential therapeutic effects of carnosine in health and disease.  相似文献   

Optimizing recovery to support multi-evening cycling competition performance     

Normand A Richard  Michael S Koehle 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(6):811-823

Road criterium and track bicycle racing occur at high speeds, demand repeated high power outputs, last 10–90?min, and offer little chance for recovery after the event. Consecutive evenings of criterium and track racing are respectively known as speed-week or six-day events and take place in evening hours over the course of a week. Given the schedule and timing of these competitions, return to homeostasis can be compromised. No recommendations exist on how to optimize recovery for cyclists participating in these types of repeated evening competitions. Criterium and track cyclists spend considerable time, near and above the individual lactate threshold and therefore mostly utilize carbohydrate as their chief energy substrate. Henceforth, pre – and post-race nutrition and hydration is examined and recommendations are brought forward for carbohydrate, protein, and fluid intake. As evening high-intensity exercise perturbs sleep, strategies to optimize sleep are discussed and recommendations for an optimal sleep environment are given. Active recovery is examined, and the benefits of a short duration low intensity exercise reviewed. Passive recovery methods such as compression garments and cold water immersion are recommended, while evidence for massage, pneumatic compression devices, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation is still lacking. Optimizing recovery strategies will facilitate a return to the resting state following strenuous night competition.  相似文献   

Body composition differences by age and playing standard in male rugby union and rugby league: A systematic review and meta-analysis     

Tom Geeson-Brown  Ben Jones  Kevin Till  Sarah Chantler  Kevin Deighton 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(19):2161-2176

ABSTRACT

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine differences in body compositionn between playing standard and age in male rugby union and rugby league athletes. The MOOSE (Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for design, implementation, and reporting were followed. Studies were required to be in male rugby union or league and have body composition as the primary or secondary outcome. Data was required to be presented separately for positional groups and body composition presented as whole-body. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, and CINHAHL via EBSCOhost. 57 studies were included for meta-analysis. Results highlighted significantly higher fat-free mass in senior elite than senior sub-elite or junior elite athletes for all RU and RL forwards. Small and non-significant differences were found in fat mass between rugby union playing standards and age categories. Rugby league senior elite forwards had less fat mass than junior elite forwards. Practitioners should prioritise training and nutritional strategies that maximise fat-free mass development, especially in junior elite cohorts.  相似文献   

The effect of exercise interventions on resting metabolic rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis     

Kristen MacKenzie-Shalders  Jaimon T. Kelly  Daniel So  Vernon G. Coffey  Nuala M. Byrne 《Journal of sports sciences》2020,38(14):1635-1649

ABSTRACT

The systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effect of aerobic, resistance and combined exercise on RMR (kCal·day^-1) and performed a methodological assessment of indirect calorimetry protocols within the included studies. Subgroup analyses included energy/diet restriction and body composition changes. Randomized control trials (RCTs), quasi – RCTs and cohort trials featuring a physical activity intervention of any form and duration excluding single exercise bouts were included. Participant exclusions included medical conditions impacting upon RMR, the elderly (≥65 years of age) or pregnant, lactating or post-menopausal women. The review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD 42,017,058,503). 1669 articles were identified; 22 were included in the qualitative analysis and 18 were meta-analysed. Exercise interventions (aerobic and resistance exercise combined) did not increase resting metabolic rate (mean difference (MD): 74.6 kCal·day^-1[95% CI: ?13.01, 161.33], P = 0.10). While there was no effect of aerobic exercise on RMR (MD: 81.65 kCal·day^-1[95% CI: ?57.81, 221.10], P = 0.25), resistance exercise increased RMR compared to controls (MD: 96.17 kCal·day^-1[95% CI: 45.17, 147.16], P = 0.0002). This systematic review effectively synthesises the effect of exercise interventions on RMR in comparison to controls; despite heterogenous methodologies and high risk of bias within included studies.  相似文献   

同老年教师谈营养与健康     

秦文芬 《潍坊教育学院学报》2001,14(1):72-72

本文分析老教师保健方面的薄弱环节 ,并提出针对性的有力措施 ,力求在高校师生保健方面减少盲区 ,实现全民健身  相似文献   

浅谈大学生的膳食与健康     

张韶华 《江西教育学院学报》2011,32(6):94-96

大学生是一个特殊群体,他们正处在体格和智力发展的关键时期,这个时期的膳食是否科学合理、营养,摄入是否充足、均衡,对其一生的健康及综合素质都有很大的影响。文章就当前大学生膳食中存在的主要问题进行了分析,并从开展健康教育、高校对食堂监管及大学生自我改变三方面提出了相应的改善策略。  相似文献   

军队营养与食品卫生学本科实习培养模式初探     

易龙  糜漫天  朱俊东  张乾勇  许红霞  周永 《实验室研究与探索》2011,(7):354-355,360

军队营养与食品卫生学是一门应用性很强的学科,传统的实习培养模式虽然能使学员全面熟悉教研室的日常工作,但对实习学员的综合应用能力培养不够,难以满足我军对军事预防医学复合型人才的需求。本教研室近年来尝试开展了实习培养模式改革,包括建立实习学员导师制、制定学科综合实习计划及制定实习学员课题制,使实习学员综合应用能力和独立工作能力得到显著提高,学员普遍反馈良好。  相似文献   

Rethinking fat as a fuel for endurance exercise     

Jeff S. Volek  Timothy Noakes  Stephen D. Phinney 《European Journal of Sport Science》2015,15(1):13-20

Abstract

A key element contributing to deteriorating exercise capacity during physically demanding sport appears to be reduced carbohydrate availability coupled with an inability to effectively utilize alternative lipid fuel sources. Paradoxically, cognitive and physical decline associated with glycogen depletion occurs in the presence of an over-abundance of fuel stored as body fat that the athlete is apparently unable to access effectively. Current fuelling tactics that emphasize high-carbohydrate intakes before and during exercise inhibit fat utilization. The most efficient approach to accelerate the body’s ability to oxidize fat is to lower dietary carbohydrate intake to a level that results in nutritional ketosis (i.e., circulating ketone levels >0.5 mmol/L) while increasing fat intake for a period of several weeks. The coordinated set of metabolic adaptations that ensures proper interorgan fuel supply in the face of low-carbohydrate availability is referred to as keto-adaptation. Beyond simply providing a stable source of fuel for the brain, the major circulating ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate, has recently been shown to act as a signalling molecule capable of altering gene expression, eliciting complementary effects of keto-adaptation that could extend human physical and mental performance beyond current expectation. In this paper, we review these new findings and propose that the shift to fatty acids and ketones as primary fuels when dietary carbohydrate is restricted could be of benefit for some athletes.  相似文献   

Considerations for protein intake in managing weight loss in athletes     

Caoileann H. Murphy  Amy J. Hector 《European Journal of Sport Science》2015,15(1):21-28

Abstract

A large body of evidence now shows that higher protein intakes (2–3 times the protein Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g/kg/d) during periods of energy restriction can enhance fat-free mass (FFM) preservation, particularly when combined with exercise. The mechanisms underpinning the FFM-sparing effect of higher protein diets remain to be fully elucidated but may relate to the maintenance of the anabolic sensitivity of skeletal muscle to protein ingestion. From a practical point of view, athletes aiming to reduce fat mass and preserve FFM should be advised to consume protein intakes in the range of ～1.8–2.7 g kg^?1 d^?1 (or ～2.3–3.1 g kg^?1 FFM) in combination with a moderate energy deficit (?500 kcal) and the performance of some form of resistance exercise. The target level of protein intake within this recommended range requires consideration of a number of case-specific factors including the athlete's body composition, habitual protein intake and broader nutrition goals. Athletes should focus on consuming high-quality protein sources, aiming to consume protein feedings evenly spaced throughout the day. Post-exercise consumption of 0.25–0.3 g protein meal^?1 from protein sources with high leucine content and rapid digestion kinetics (i.e. whey protein) is recommended to optimise exercise-induced muscle protein synthesis. When protein is consumed as part of a mixed macronutrient meal and/or before bed slightly higher protein doses may be optimal.  相似文献   

2015年“第62届美国运动医学会年会”专栏：运动营养研究的新进展——第62届美国运动医学会年会综述     

刘玉倩  杨雯茜  殷娟娟 《北京体育大学学报》2015,38(8):58-64+79

摘要:2015年召开的美国运动医学会(ACSM)年会和第六届“运动是良医”国际会议中,许多学者报告了运动营养的相关研究成果。本文主要依据第62届美国运动医学会年会的论文和相关文献,分析了近年运动营养研究的新进展,包括对已有运动营养补剂功效和机制的重新认识;新的运动营养补剂的应用;食物在提高运动能力中的特殊作用;科学合理膳食方式在促进健康中的作用;运动营养的认知调查;运动营养在生活方式干预中的作用及目前研究中存在的问题和发展趋势。这些研究成果为我们更深入地了解国际运动营养研究的新热点和科学合理地选择营养补剂及通过营养干预促进健康提供了依据。  相似文献