Development and reliability of the KIM cycling scale – a measurement tool for the development process to cycling independently     

Jennifer Kavanagh  Kieran Moran  Johann Issartel 《Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy》2020,25(2):174-187

ABSTRACT

Background: Cycling has gained more attention as an important lifelong physical activity. Learning to cycle independently without assistance is a milestone for most children that requires time and practice to master. Cycling was recently added to the motor development model and so a valid and reliable measure of cycling ability is required to allow accurate assessment of the skill. Cycling has many health benefits along with being a commonly reported physical activity globally and therefore is an important skill to promote in early childhood and throughout life. To date, there are no measurement tools examining the developmental process to independent cycling in the early childhood years. The current study aimed to develop and assess the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the ‘KIM Cycling Scale’.

Methods: Development of the scale occurred in four phases: (1) development of criteria and stages, which used observation of children when learning to cycle and expert panels to develop the initial developmental stages, (2) review of instructions and criteria and pilot inter-rater and test-retest reliability, to ensure that the scale could be used as a standalone scale without requiring further instructions (3) cycling intervention, which allowed assessment of the developmental nature of children along the scale as they learn to cycle independently and to assess typical and alternate routes to independent cycling and (4) inter-rater and test-retest reliability.

Results: Ninety children took part in phase 1, thirty-six children took part in phase 2, seventy-four children took part in phase 3 and one hundred and forty-nine children took part in phase 4. All three hundred and forty-nine children were between 2 and 6 years. The developed scale included eight stages in total. The scale was found to have excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC?=?0.97, 95% CI?=?0.96–0.98) and good to excellent test-retest reliability [(ICC?=?0.91, 95% CI?=?0.87–0.94) & (ICC?=?0.90, 95% CI?=?0.85–0.93)]. Typical routes to independent cycling along the scale were examined and reported as being step-wise on all occasions except one where a two stage jump was as common as the step-wise route. Alternate routes were also reported.

Conclusion: The current study developed a reliable measurement tool for assessing children between 2 and 6 years of age on the developmental process to independent cycling. Having a cycling scale will allow teachers and practitioners to assess competence in cycling and moreover, track changes in skill development. Furthermore, parents could also use the scale to better understand and better asses their child’s progression when learning to cycle.  相似文献   

The impact of workplace information literacy on organizational innovation: An empirical study     

《International Journal of Information Management》2020

The present study investigates the relationship between CEO’s information literacy and innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Even if information literacy’s business value has been recognized in recent literature, its impact on organizational innovation, a critical and strongly information intensive process, has never been studied before. Structural equation modeling based analysis of data collected from 184 company CEOs in Finland revealed that CEOs’ information literacy has a positive impact on the development of exploratory and exploitative innovations in SMEs. Additionally, opportunity recognition mediates the relationship between information literacy and innovation. Overall, the influence of information literacy is slightly stronger on exploitation than exploration. Nevertheless, the mutual positive effect suggests that information literacy enhances innovation ambidexterity in organizations. Based on these findings, we discuss theoretical and practical implications as well as future research opportunities in workplace information literacy research.  相似文献   

声誉模型在专业化人力资本形成中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

雷亚萍  李彩凤 《预测》2007,26(1):73-76

人力资本的形成对于经济发展具有显著的作用。专业化人力资本的形成实际上是一个典型的委托—代理关系。文中将人力资本形成过程中的个人确定为委托人,具体形成部门为代理人;并引用声誉模型对其形成机理进行了博弈分析。结果证明:委托人可以依据“声誉”(用“长寿”表示)这一可观测的信号来选择代理人(人力资本形成部门),以降低自身人力资本化的风险。  相似文献   

试论大中型企业技术创新战略及其解决方案   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

徐光磊  陈自力 《科研管理》2005,26(3):104-110

本文简要总结了技术创新对企业经营和发展的重要性，分析了大中型企业在我国企业技术创新工作中的地位和作用。作者认为大中型企业，特别是国家重点企业，应当是我国企业技术创新的“中坚力量”，责无旁贷地承担着通过技术创新的手段，提高企业竞争力，进而提高产业和国家竞争力的历史重任。但是，目前我国许多大中型企业技术创新工作仍然存在着许多关键问题需要解决。本文对这些问题进行了详细的归纳和总结，认为企业技术创新工作需要克服“短视行为”、加强对技术创新规律的认识、加深对目前我国企业技术创新初试条件的理解、完善技术创新战略的内容、优化技术创新实施工作机制。为了解决上述问题，作者提出了我国大中型企业技术创新战略的系统解决方案模型，认为企业技术创新战略必须结合企业的总体发展战略，依据企业的技术创新能力等内部因素和企业的技术发展机会、产品市场机会等外部因素的认识和总结，确定企业技术创新战略的相关内容。同时，为保证企业技术创新战略的顺利实施和最终效果，必须有相应的技术创新体系、运行机制和保障措施。最后，企业在制订和实施技术创新战略时，需要重点围绕技术选择、组织体系建设、科技人员的激励等开展工作，以此带动企业技术创新的突破和发展，形成具有可操作性的解决方案，并提出了技术选择、组织体系建设和科技人员激励的模型。  相似文献   

河南、广东两省科技创新政策演进比较     

肖美丹  张伟萍 《科技管理研究》2016,(23):49-53

基于河南省和广东省2005—2015年颁布的212件科技创新政策构建政策文件数据库,运用文献计量分析的方法,从政策时间分布、部门分布和内容分布3个方面比较研究河南省和广东省科技创新政策不同阶段的演进路径及其差异。借鉴广东省制定和完善科技创新法规政策的经验,提出河南省制定本区域科技创新政策要突出特色、具有针对性和可执行性以及加强联系性的建议。  相似文献   

分类标引质量现状和改善措施     

蒋歆 《现代情报》2006,26(11):146-147,151

从分类标引方法，分类标引专指度、完全度、协调度、一致性和差错率等几个方面叙述了分类标引存在的问题，并提出了改善措施。  相似文献   

中美高等工程教育课程设置比较   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

白逸仙 《中国科技信息》2006,(17):212-214,216

20世纪90年代以来,美国工程教育掀起了“回归工程”的浪潮,提出建立“大工程观”。要想实现大工程观所要求的高等工程教育改革,必须在课程体系和内容的改革上下功夫。通过对中美高等工程教育在政府和市场对课程设置的影响程度,课程体系建设,学科之间联系以及对学生能力培养等方面的比较,可以看出,美国在高等工程教育的课程设置和教学改革方面积蒜了丰富的经验,值得我国高等工科院校借鉴。  相似文献   

新形势下高校院系办公室建设研究与思考   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

韩卫东  李兵 《中国科技信息》2005,(15):379-26

随着高等教育的迅猛发展,承担着为高校教学、科研服务和管理职责的院系办公室也面临着新的情况和问题。高校院系办公室应不断适应新的形势,探索规律,加强整合,提高管理和服务水平。  相似文献   

光电子信息产业发展的基本经济规律     

宁钟  郭熙保 《软科学》2001,15(1):39-43

本文论述了光电子信息产业的时代背景，分析了其基本经济规律是收益递增规律、独特的空间经济规律、投融资特性和联系效应规律。  相似文献   

区域农户农地流转行为对土地利用变化的影响   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

张丽君  黄贤金  钟太洋  钟太洋  方鹏 《资源科学》2005,27(6):40-45

本文首先在理论上阐述了区域土地市场发育以及农户土地流转行为与土地利用变化之间的相互关系:在市场比较收益、农产品贸易和政府决策等因素的调控作用下,农村农地流转行为很大程度上改变了农村土地利用结构、利用方式以及利用强度.为进一步从农户层次上以及微观经济机制尺度上揭示农地市场对土地利用变化的影响程度,论文以泰州市兴化市的村庄及农户问卷调查数据为依据,建立了农户农地流转与土地利用变化之间的计量模型.模型运行的结果表明:农户拥有农地总面积、农地流转率、农产品销售率、粮食作物产值以及农业中非粮食作物产值等因素对农村土地利用变化有显著的影响;农地流转在很大程度上导致了土地利用类型的变化.最后,论文结合模型的分析结果提出了适度规模经营,调整农业产业结构,推进农产品市场贸易,规范政府行为以及改进农地流转机制等五方面的政策建议.  相似文献