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Aharon F. Kleinberger 《比较教育学》1975,11(3):219-230
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Despite inconclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of cognitive conflict, educators still consider it a significant instructional strategy. One of the challenges of current research is to study the conditions under which cognitive conflict is effective. This research examines the notion that cognitive conflict may have dissimilar effects for students of different academic levels. The study compares the effectiveness of teaching the control of variables thinking strategy to students of two academic levels (low vs. high) by two different teaching methods [inducing a cognitive conflict (ICC) vs. direct teaching (DT)]. One hundred twenty‐one students who learned in a heterogeneous school were divided into four experimental groups in a 2 × 2 design. Results show no main effect of teaching method but do show a significant interaction effect between level of students and teaching method. The findings show that students with high academic achievements benefited from the ICC teaching method while the DT method hindered their progress. In contrast, students with low academic achievements benefited from the DT method while the ICC teaching method hindered their progress. The interaction effect was preserved in a retention test that took place 6 months after instruction. The findings show that previous inconclusive findings regarding the effectiveness of the ICC method can be explained by its contradictory effects on students of different academic levels. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 42: 829–855, 2005 相似文献
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This study assessed the causes ascribed by Israeli children and youth for the Arab-Israeli conflict and the relation of these attributions to their expectations and emotions. The results highlight basic contingencies between the form of attribution and the character of emotional response and future expectation, with marked developmental variations in both the strength and manner of this association. Overall, the findings suggest the utility of Bizman and Hoffman's attributional model as a heuristic for understanding children's perception and response to conflict, but underscore the need for developmental adaptation. Particular attention is drawn to the developing concept of mutuality and its implication for the application of attributional analyses in the young. 相似文献
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Personal autonomy and the flexible school 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Aharon Aviram 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1993,39(5):419-433
The paper starts by emphasizing the importance of the ideal of personal autonomy as a central educational aim within liberal-democratic thought. Although this ideal has been accorded different meanings in the past 200 years, this paper focuses on J. S. Mill's view of autonomy - a very influential view within the liberal tradition and one still relevant for us today. The basic educational recommendation stemming from Mill's view of this ideal is the need to encourage experimentation in living by young people to enable them to discover their authentic wishes, capabilities and interests and to exercise themselves in the formation of life-plans. The paper points to the sharp contradiction between democratic educational thought and practice: between the ideal of autonomy and the prevailing rigid and closed school structure which usually prevents true experimentation in living. It explains this contradiction as stemming from didactic and social considerations that were valid in industrial democratic societies. The paper's main claim is that due to the electronic revolution and its social consequences, the validity of these considerations is drastically and rapidly eroding in post-industrial democratic societies, and that, therefore, a much more flexible and open school structure is today not only desirable but also didactically and socially possible. The paper ends by presenting the School as a Communications Center model of a flexible school that reflects the above rationale. This model is now in the first stage of its implementation at a comprehensive high-school in Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Zusammenfassung Zu Beginn dieses Artikels wird die Bedeutung des Ideals einer persönlichen Autonomie als zentrales Bildungsziel innerhalb liberal-demokratischer Vorstellungen hervorgehoben. Obwohl diesem Ideal in den letzten 200 Jahren verschiedene Bedeutungen gegeben wurden, konzentriert sich der Artikel auf J. S. Mills Auslegung - eine sehr einflußreiche Auslegung innerhalb liberaler Tradition, die auch heute noch bedeutsam für uns ist. Die grundlegende von Mills Sichtweise hergeleitete Empfehlung besagt, junge Menschen anzuregen, im Leben zu experimentieren, damit sie ihre ureigensten Wünsche, Fähigkeiten und Interessen entdecken lernen und sich in der Aufstellung von Lebensplänen üben. Der Artikel weist auf den scharfen Widerspruch zwischen demokratischen Vorstellungen über Bildung und der Praxis hin: zwischen dem Ideal einer Autonomie und der vorherrschenden starren und geschlossenen Schulstruktur, die im Normalfall wahre Lebensexperimente verhindert. Dieser Widerspruch wird mit didaktischen und sozialen Erwägungen erklärt, die in industriellen demokratischen Gesellschaften Gültigkeit besaßen. Die Hauptaussage des Artikels besteht darin, daß durch die elektronische Revolution und ihre sozialen Konsequenzen die Gültigkeit dieser Aussagen in den post-industriellen demokratischen Gesellschaften drastisch und rapide verfällt und aus diesem Grund eine viel flexiblere und offenere Schulstruktur nicht nur wünschenswert sondern in didaktischer und sozialer Hinsicht auch möglich wäre. Der Artikel endet mit der Vorstellung des Modells einer flexibleren Schule, der Schule als Kommunikationscenter, das das oben ausgeführte Grundprinzip verdeutlicht. Dieses Modell befindet sich derzeit in der Einführungsphase an einer Gesamtschule in Beer-Sheva, Israel.
Résumé Le présent article souligne l'importance de l'idéal d'autonomie personnelle comme but éducatif central de la pensée démocratique libérale. Bien que l'on ait conféré différentes significations à cet idéal au cours des deux derniers siècles, cet article est focalisé sur la vue de l'autonomie de J. S. Mill, vue très influente dans la tradition libérale et toujours pertinente pour nous de nos jours. La recommandation fondamentale en matière d'éducation qui émane de la vision de Mill de cet idéal se rapporte à la nécessité d'encourager l'expérimentation par le vécu chez les jeunes pour leur permettre de découvrir leurs véritables désirs, capacités et intérêts et de s'exercer à l'établissement de projets de vie. On met en évidence, dans cet article, la contradiction marquée entre la pensée éducative démocratique et sa pratique, entre l'idéal d'autonomie et la structure scolaire rigide et fermée qui prévaut et empêche habituellement une véritable expérimentation par le vécu. On explique cette contradiction comme procédant de considérations industrielles et sociales qui avaient cours dans les sociétés industrielles démocratiques. L'assertion majeure faite dans cet article est qu'en raison de la révolution électronique et de ses conséquences sociales, la validité dé ces considérations se dégrade d'une manière rigoureuse et rapide dans les sociétés démocratiques postindustrielles, et que, par conséquent, une structure scolaire plus flexible et plus ouverte paraît aujourd'hui non seulement souhaitable mais aussi possible d'un point de vue didactique et social. L'auteur conclut en présentant un modèle d'école flexible dit l'Ecole comme centre de communications qui traduit la réflexion ci-dessus. La première phase de ce modèle est actuellement mise en oeuvre au lycée de Beer-Sheva, en Israël.相似文献
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Ovadia Aviram 《The Urban Review》1994,26(1):35-40
School functionaries, including principals, often argue that, given the limited resources available to them, schools are obliged
to choose between an academic-instrumental orientation and a social-cultural-expressive one. Trying to attend to these two
orientations simultaneously, they conclude, would cause failure in both. It is safer, therefore, to stick to only one of them.
In most cases, the academic orientation prevails, in line with the social expectations prevalent in the achievement spirit
characteristic of the Western world. The validity of this argument is the focus of analysis in this essay. Conceptual arguments,
as well as empirical evidence, are provided to disprove such reasoning, as contaminated by the “fallacy of bifurcation” and
as falsely depicting reality. Dealing only with academics obstructs tapping the personal human resources (competencies, capabilities,
motivations, etc.) of the entire student population. Numerous students feel “out,” not belonging to the culture of the school;
consequently, many dissociate themselves from school goals and norms, and school effectiveness is inhibited. The conclusions
of this analysis are important for any school management. They are, however, vital for minority-populated and for multiethnic
or multicultural ones. 相似文献
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This explorative field study examined the mediating role of self‐regulated learning (SRL) in the relationship between the personality trait of conscientiousness, SRL, and science achievement in a sample of junior high school students. Over the course of an entire academic year, data on enacted SRL were collected each week for 52 eighth‐grade students in the context of an inquiry‐based ecology project. Data were also collected on personality traits, self‐reported study strategies, science project achievement, and grade point average. Findings show significant relationships between conscientiousness, SRL, and achievement. As hypothesized, conscientiousness was shown to significantly impact academic achievement in the inquiry‐based course, mediated by enacted SRL. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献