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We review empirical research on English language learners (ELLs) who struggle with reading and who may have learning disabilities (LD). We sought to determine research indicators that can help us better differentiate between ELLs who struggle to acquire literacy because of their limited proficiency in English and ELLs who have actual LD. We conclude that more research is warranted to further elucidate the strengths and learning needs of subgroups of underachieving ELLs, to help us determine who should qualify for special education, and to clarify why some ELLs who do not have LD still struggle with language and literacy acquisition. Future research should account for the complexities involved in becoming literate in another language and focus more on cultural and contextual factors that affect student achievement.  相似文献   
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The projected 5.2 million non-English-speaking preschoolers that will enter early childhood programs in the year 2000 require developmentally appropriate bilingual programs. This article discusses the role and components of both bilingualism and multiculturalism in preschool settings. It further indicates implications for the preparation of teachers and suggests strategies that administrators of preschool settings could utilize in meeting needs of bilingual communities.  相似文献   
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Resumen

Este estudio ha tenido como objetivo determinar los factores subyacentes a las pruebas de madurez y su valor predictivo para el éxito en el aprendizaje de la lectoescritura. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio longitudinal, con una muestra de 60 escolares de distintos centros de E.G.B, de la Isla de Gran Canaria, que se iniciaban en el aprendizaje sistemático de la lectura y escritura. En un primer estudio, los factores madurativos hallados fueron cuatro: Lingüístico, Estructuración visomotriz, Organización conceptual y Memoria reproductiva. Al relacionar esta estructura factorial con los resultados obtenidos en lectoescritura, se demuestra que los factores Lingüístico y de Organización conceptual son los que mejor predicen el éxito en lectoescritura, frente al escaso valor predittivo mostrado por los factores de Estructuración visomotriz y Memoria reproductiva.  相似文献   
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In this article, I discuss two interrelated sets of challenges that the discursive practice of learning disability (LD) will need to address, namely, issues associated with the development of a historiography of special education and a more complex understanding of representation issues. I use social theory to address these challenges and raise questions the LD field will need to grapple with as we move toward the consolidation of discursive practices.  相似文献   
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Since the inception of special education, scholars and practitioners have been concerned about the disproportionate representation of students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds among students identified with disabilities. Professional efforts to address this disproportionality have encompassed a range of targets, but scholars increasingly view disproportionality as a complex, multiply-determined problem that requires systemic change to ameliorate disparities. In this article, we describe a framework for systemic change to foster equity in special education identification and placement. We discuss the use of ecologically oriented organizational consultation as a means of facilitating systemic change, emphasizing the role of stakeholders, and the implications for school psychology practice and training.  相似文献   
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There is a wide set of evaluation metrics available to compare the quality of text clustering algorithms. In this article, we define a few intuitive formal constraints on such metrics which shed light on which aspects of the quality of a clustering are captured by different metric families. These formal constraints are validated in an experiment involving human assessments, and compared with other constraints proposed in the literature. Our analysis of a wide range of metrics shows that only BCubed satisfies all formal constraints. We also extend the analysis to the problem of overlapping clustering, where items can simultaneously belong to more than one cluster. As Bcubed cannot be directly applied to this task, we propose a modified version of Bcubed that avoids the problems found with other metrics.
Felisa VerdejoEmail:
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