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This paper describes the French initiative in materials research against both a national and an international background,
in an attempt to disentangle the local circumstances, which prompted this governmental initiative, and to characterize the
specific profile of materials research in France. In presenting a biography of the interdisciplinary program in materials
research (PIRMAT), we argue that: i) the PIRMAT denotes a failure of the French science policy in materials research; ii)
the leadership of the CNRS led to a specific style of research, quite different from the engineering approach of Materials
Science and Engineering, and characteristic of a French style in materials research. 相似文献
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Luis Marques Joa˜o Praia Richard Kempa 《Research in Science & Technological Education》2013,31(2):265-278
This paper reports the findings of a preliminary evaluation of an in-service training programme designed for practising geology/earth science teachers in Portuguese high schools and intended to enhance the effectiveness of fieldwork activities organised by them for their students. Among the points particularly stressed during the in-service training were that students should be adequately prepared for fieldwork through classroom-based activities prior to the fieldwork itself and that to arrive at the maximum educational benefit for the students, they should be involved in collaborative group-based investigation. The findings, derived from an enquiry among students following their exposure to fieldwork, revealed that in both these aspects teachers failed to put theory into practice, probably as the result of a lack of confidence to implement novel procedures. On the positive side, the students reported that they enjoyed the social interaction with other students that the fieldwork made possible and the opportunity to work independently of the teachers. 相似文献
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文章首先介绍了巴西档案学课程在大学设立的历程,接着讨论了巴西档案学与情报学的关系,论述了知识信息时代巴西档案工作者培养计划面临的挑战和应对措施,最后,针对巴西档案学及巴西档案工作人才培养面临的挑战得出了几点结论. 相似文献
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Darren J. Paul George P. Nassis Rodney Whiteley Joao B. Marques Dean Kenneally Hakim Chalabi 《Journal of sports sciences》2014,32(13):1318-1323
AbstractRegular measurements of groin risk factors may offer a preventive measure against injury. Therefore, the aim of this study was to (1) determine minimal detectable change (MDC) and reliability of hip flexibility and strength measures and to (2) identify the effect soccer match play load has on these measures. Reliability was determined for bent knee fall out test, hip abduction and adduction (hand-held dynamometry (HHD)) in 20 trained youth male soccer players. Reliability was evaluated with the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC[2,1]), 95% confidence intervals (CI). Hip strength and flexibility measures were taken before and after an international friendly match. Intra-rater reliability ICC ranges were bent knee fall out (0.75–0.90), abduction (0.83–0.90) and adduction (0.72–0.96). Inter-rater ICCs (95% CI) were bent knee fall out test [0.75 (0.39–0.90) right, 0.71 (0.27–0.89) left hip]; abduction [0.80 (0.50–0.92) right, 0.81 (0.53–0.92) left hip] and adduction [0.72 (0.31–0.89) right, 0.70 (0.26–0.88) left hip]. MDCs were as low as 20.7% of the mean for hip flexibility and 12.5% for strength. In conclusion, HHD and the bent knee fall out test are reliable tools to measure changes in hip strength and flexibility. Finally, a threshold may exist in which match play load negatively impacts hip flexibility. 相似文献
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This paper reassesses the role of women in judo in Japan, from its secluded and restricted beginnings in the late nineteenth century to the gradual changes in gender and social paradigms triggered by the influence of Western feminist struggle from the 1960s onwards. Judo has been considered in theory an inclusive martial art because its creator, Jigoro Kano, stressed safety, etiquette and moral teachings irrespective of age, size or gender of its adherents. However, the social and cultural environment in Japan has traditionally discriminated against women both outside and inside the dojo (training place). We treat this issue historically, considering the broader context of the Japanese social, political and cultural developments. 相似文献
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2008年5月12日发生在中国的汶川毁灭性地震,造成整个四川省超过6万人遇难,500万人无家可归,而灾后的重建工作将需要很长时间。虽然当前救援组织和当地政府已经紧急修建了临时住房并提供饮用水,但同样重要的是我们应该开始考虑在救援人员离开后,国际社会应该如何有效在而合适地发挥长久的作用。 相似文献