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1.
Julia Birnbaum Christine Geyer Franca Kirchberg Yannis Manios Berthold Koletzko 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(4):377-384
This study targeted to examine the effect of the ToyBox-intervention, a kindergarten-based, family-involved intervention, aiming to improve preschooler’s energy-related behaviours (e.g., physical activity) on motor performance ability. Physical activity sessions, classroom activities, environmental changes and tools for parents were the components of the 1-year intervention. The intervention and control were cluster-randomised, and children’s anthropometry and two motor test items (jumping from side to side, JSS and standing long jump, SLJ) were assessed. A total of 1293 (4.6 ± 0.69 years; 52% boys) from 45 kindergartens in Germany were included (intervention, n = 863; control, n = 430). The effect was assessed using generalised estimating equation. The intervention group showed a better improvement in JSS (Estimate 2.19 jumps, P = 0.01) and tended to improve better in SLJ (Estimate 2.73 cm, P = 0.08). The intervention was more effective in boys with respect to SLJ (P of interaction effect = 0.01). Children aged <4.5 years did not show a significant benefit while older children improved (JSS, Estimate 3.38 jumps, P = 0.004; SLJ, Estimate 4.18 cm, P = 0.04). Children with low socio-economic status improved in JSS (Estimate 5.98 jumps, P = 0.0001). The ToyBox-intervention offers an effective strategy to improve specific components of motor performance ability in early childhood. Future programmes should consider additional strategies specifically targeting girls and younger aged children.
Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; SES: socio-economic status; JSS: jumping from side to side; SLJ: standing long jump; SD: standard deviation; GEE: generalised estimating equation 相似文献
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Gero Lenhardt Robert D Reisz PD Dr Manfred Stock 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2008,11(4):559-576
The system of higher education in the USA comprises the undergraduate programs of the colleges and the graduate programs in research universities. This distinction has no equivalent in Germany. The idea of elite education is connected exclusively with the colleges. Its meaning and functions are demonstrated with an analysis of the criteria which are used for the ranking of higher education institutions. The ranking of the colleges is addressed to the students and is based on indicators, which give expression above all to the educational priorities of the students and the alumni. The ranking of the graduate programs focuses on specific academic programs and is addressed to the members of the various academic fields and to their prospective students. A few rankings cover whole educational institutions and serve to inform the higher educational management. We use these data to identity the specifics of outstanding research universities and their role in American higher education. 相似文献
4.
PD Dr. Ulrich Trautwein Kai Maaz Oliver Lüdtke Gabriel Nagy Nicole Husemann Rainer Watermann Olaf Köller 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2006,9(3):393-412
Beim übergang von der Schule auf die Universit?t müssen sich Abiturienten u.a. für einen bestimmten Hochschultypus entscheiden.
Der Fokus in diesem Beitrag liegt auf der sogenannten Berufsakademie, die in einigen Bundesl?ndern eine interessante, aber
wenig beachtete Alternative zu Universit?t, Fachhochschule und P?dagogischer Hochschule darstellt. Anhand einer gro?en L?ngsschnittstudie,
die in Baden-Württemberg durchgeführt wird, werden der Leistungsstand, der famili?re Hintergrund, die beruflichen Interessen
und die Studienwahlmotive von (künftigen) Studierenden an den verschiedenen Hochschultypen untersucht. Berufsakademien erwiesen
sich insbesondere für Abiturienten mit weniger günstigem famili?ren Hintergrund und dem Wunsch, rasch finanziell unabh?ngig
zu sein, sowie für Absolventen beruflicher Gymnasien als attraktive Alternative zur Universit?t. Berücksichtigt man die schulische
Herkunft (berufliches vs. allgemeinbildendes Gymnasium), so fanden sich ?hnliche kognitive Eingangsvoraussetzungen bei Studierenden
wirtschaftswissenschaftlicher F?cher an Berufsakademie, Fachhochschule und Universit?t. 相似文献
5.
PD Dr. Heinz Reinders 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2006,9(4):599-616
In diesem Beitrag wird der Frage nachgegangen, unter welchen Bedingungen die Freiwilligenarbeit Jugendlicher einen Einfluss
auf die Bereitschaft zu politischer Partizipation besitzt. Theoretisch wird die Frage mit Bezug auf die Theorie gemeinnütziger
T?tigkeit beantwortet. Diese besagt, dass nicht prim?r das soziale Engagement, sondern die beim Engagement gemachten Erfahrungen
relevant sind für das Ausma? politischer Beteiligungsbereitschaft. Diese Annahme wird durch zwei Untersuchungen (N1 = 222; N2 = 1.431) bei Jugendlichen geprüft. Die Befunde beider Studien stützen die These, dass Freiwilligenarbeit nicht direkt, sondern
vermittelt über die im Zuge des Engagements entwickelte Prosozialit?t und die gemachten Erfahrungen das Ausma? politischer
Beteiligungsbereitschaft vorhersagt. 相似文献
6.
Janina Burschka Dr. Peter Kuhn PD Dr. Uwe Menge Prof. Dr. Patrick Oschmann 《Sportwissenschaft》2013,43(3):181-196
This article examines the content and methodology of studies on Tai Chi as a sport in health care. We investigate the concept behind the rather simple name “Tai Chi,” concluding that this concept is manifold and highly variable. How did researchers deal with this variability when studying the effects of Tai Chi as a health-care intervention? We then explore how scientific research on Tai Chi has been conducted to date and draw the interim conclusion that the variability was barely taken into consideration. Our analysis of seven Tai Chi interventions reveals that two interventions referred to as Tai Chi may differ considerably in their content. The variability poses difficulty in repeating the intervention and drawing causal inferences. This problem is discussed in the current literature under the term “complexity in health-care interventions.” On the basis of a summary of this debate, we discuss the challenge of researching Tai Chi from a complex perspective—with the aim of achieving solid results that can be repeated. 相似文献
7.
H. Geyer 《Sportwissenschaft》2009,39(1):7-15
This contribution analyses the optimal strategy selection in soccer using a simulation of expected payoffs for game outcome following different strategies for both the two-point and three-point rules. Depending on the strategy pursued by the opposing team, optimal strategies are presented for situations involving a tied score and one team holding the lead based on Nash equilibria. 相似文献
8.
PD Dr. Thomas Coelen 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2006,9(1):67-80
Vergleiche ganzt?giger Bildungseinrichtungen erm?glichen, ein breites Spektrum von Konzeptionen und ihrer Realisierung kennen
zu lernen sowie m?gliche Effekte und Funktionen einzusch?tzen (u.a. auf Lernleistungen oder für die Vereinbarkeit von Familie
und Beruf, aber auch Effekte auf au?erschulische Arbeitsformen und Einrichtungen). Deshalb werden hier die Struktur und die
Organisation von — mehr oder weniger ganzt?gigen — Bildungseinrichtungen aus Finnland, den Niederlanden, Frankreich und Italien
kriteriengeleitet dargestellt und analysiert. Die Sicht auf das Au?erunterrichtliche ist dabei vorherrschend. Im Hauptteil
des Textes sind zentrale Merkmale der Bildungssysteme (Ausbau in den Schulstufen, Rechtsgrundlagen, Funktionen und Effekte;
Zeiten, Tagesabl?ufe, Bildungssettings) auf Basis l?nderspezifischer — jedoch allein englisch-oder deutschsprachiger — Quellen
kompiliert. Im zweiten Teil findet sich ein kurzer Ausblick auf weitere Vergleichsebenen (Personal, Kooperationen, Au?erschulisches)
sowie eine Bewertung des Forschungsstandes und des Spektrums an Konzeptionen und ihrer Effekte. 相似文献
9.
Mating behavior of male and estrous female rats was observed in a large cage through three ejaculatory series. Movement, 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations, sexual behavior, and distance between animals were studied during the postejaculatory interval (PEI) to help establish how copulatory contact is maintained and reinitiated for successive ejaculations. Females moved more than males throughout the three series. The duration of vocalization by the male during the PEI increased in the presence of an experienced female. During the male’s vocalization, the rats exhibited a period of immobility that usually began with the experienced female’s terminating contact by moving away from the male and ended when the female reinitiated contact by moving toward the male. Virgin females did not show this pattern of movement. Experienced females maintained a greater distance from the male during the PEI than did virgin females. We conclude that the behavior of the experienced estrous female assures both considerable spatial separation during the male’s refractory period and the reinitiation of contact. 相似文献
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André Nowakowski M.A. Dries Vervecken M.Sc. PD Dr. Edith Braun Prof. Dr. Bettina Hannover 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2012,15(2):253-271
The extent to which students profit from a university course depends on the lecturers?? approach to teaching, with a student-focused approach being more supportive for student gains in competences than a teacher-focused approach. Little is known, however, about how to foster a student-focused approach to teaching. In this paper, we want to investigate how to frame the feedback lecturers obtain from students?? course evaluations in such a manner that a student-focused approach to teaching is encouraged. In two studies using either a qualitative or a quantitative methodology it can be shown that providing lecturers with a feedback on students?? subjective gain in competences (output-focused teaching evaluation) is more effective in promoting a student-focused approach to teaching than a feedback on how satisfied students were with the lecturer (process-focused teaching evaluation). Results are discussed in the context of the Bologna reforms which demand a continuous evaluation of all university courses. 相似文献