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Joseph P. Allen Megan M. Schad Barbara Oudekerk Joanna Chango 《Child development》2014,85(5):1866-1880
Pseudomature behavior—ranging from minor delinquency to precocious romantic involvement—is widely viewed as a nearly normative feature of adolescence. When such behavior occurs early in adolescence, however, it was hypothesized to reflect a misguided overemphasis upon impressing peers and was considered likely to predict long‐term adjustment problems. In a multimethod, multireporter study following a community sample of 184 adolescents from ages 13 to 23, early adolescent pseudomature behavior was linked cross‐sectionally to a heightened desire for peer popularity and to short‐term success with peers. Longitudinal results, however, supported the study's central hypothesis: Early adolescent pseudomature behavior predicted long‐term difficulties in close relationships, as well as significant problems with alcohol and substance use, and elevated levels of criminal behavior. 相似文献
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Horst Brendel Ronald Hartwig Angela Näther Gerhard Schad 《Higher Education in Europe》1989,14(3):23-30
The authors focus on the university department as the basic administrative and productive unit in the managerial structures of universities in the German Democratic Republic. For the authors, the departmental structure is more efficient in almost every way than the former system of faculties and chairs because it permits a more rational use of available human, material, technical, and financial resources. Departments which are structured in terms of specific disciplinary and scientific criteria can more easily forge links with other departments with regard to interdisciplinary projects and programmes. They are also in a position to interact more efficiently with outside partners, in industry, for instance. The authors focus their study on the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Technological University of Karl‐Marx‐Stadt by reference to which they illustrate the versatility of university departments in general and the advantages of such management concepts as decentralization and individual initiative and responsibility. 相似文献
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Iven Schad Regina Roessler Andreas Neef Anne Valle Zárate Volker Hoffmann 《The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension》2013,19(1):85-87
ASCTRACT This study aims to analyze the potential and constraints of group-based extension approaches as an institutional innovation in the Vietnamese agricultural extension system. Our analysis therefore unfolds around the challenges of how to foster this kind of approach within the hierarchical extension policy setting and how to effectively shape and enable learning groups. The analysis draws on qualitative data from case studies of five newly established extension groups in Son La province, collected between 2007 and 2008. Content analysis was applied as the main analytical tool. The basic principles of group-based learning approaches are still underdeveloped, mainly due to a non-supportive institutional environment and a command-and-follow mentality. Extension groups suffer from an insufficient distinction between social processes and technical procedures. Finding an appropriate balance between enhancing leadership and supporting collective responsibility is identified as key to sustain groups. The research identified room for adjustments in group-organizational issues since the external institutional environment is hard to change. The particular value of this paper lies in addressing how to organize group-extension approaches in the context of reformed extension systems in a transitional socialist setting. 相似文献
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The extent to which peer influences on substance use in adolescence systematically vary in strength based on qualities of the adolescent and his or her close friend was assessed in a study of 157 adolescents (age: M = 13.35, SD = 0.64), their close friends, and their parents assessed longitudinally with a combination of observational, analogue, sociometric, and self-report measures from early to mid adolescence. The degree to which adolescents changed their levels of substance use in accord with their peers' baseline levels of use was predicted by a range of theoretically salient factors including: observed teen lack of autonomy and social support in prior interactions with mothers, low teen refusal skills, and the level of social acceptance of their close friend. Findings suggest the importance of both internal factors (e.g., autonomy and relatedness struggles) and external factors (e.g., social status of friends) in explaining why vulnerability to peer influence processes may be much greater for some adolescents than others. 相似文献
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