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The contrasts between the regulated German and unregulated British approaches to young adult transitions have been the subject of the authors' previous Anglo-German Foundation studies, published as Youth and Work: transitions to employment (1991) and Becoming Adults in England and Germany (1994). The 'reunification' of Germany from 1990 has involved economic and political transformations whose effects will shape the future development of Germany and its place in the Union for years to come. This new study focuses on directions young people in the new Lander have taken in order to navigate through new education, training and employment structures and on new transition behaviours into and out of employment with regard to career outcomes. Far from 'catching up' with the rest of Germany, the erosion of the Dual System in the East may portend the future for the Lander of Western Germany. The issues raised have considerable resonances with the problems and contradictions which have beset British education and training policy in the 1980s and 1990s. 相似文献
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In this paper we introduce a framework for using quality as an incentive to promote proper application level congestion control. Through integrating a joint-source channel coder and feedback-based congestion control scheme, we are able to construct accurate and efficient quality incentives. The framework is applicable in all network architectures where end-to-end congestion control may be used, and is as such not specific to either best-effort or traffic class-based architectures. The concept is presented along with preliminary simulations that highlight the resulting rate control accuracy. We also discuss how to implement some well-known congestion control schemes within our framework. 相似文献
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Economic competitiveness is at the top of national, regional and global political and economic agendas. Several countries in all regions of the world have established policies and institutions devoted to economic competitiveness, including in developing and transition countries. This leads to the question of how to define national economic competitiveness and, as a logical consequence, how to measure it. This article provides a critical analysis of two major global indices measuring national economic competitiveness, the World Economic Forum (WEF) and the International Institute for Management Development (IMD), with a special focus on the index published by the WEF due to its broader global coverage. The article shows that human capital has been given relatively little explicit recognition, despite the large weight of human capital in the WEF index. This article asserts through simulations based on WEF data that countries performing poorly in national economic competitiveness rankings can improve their standings significantly by focusing reform efforts on raising quality of education and on expanding access to education and training. The simulations also show that the potential improvements in national economic competitiveness are unequally distributed across the globe, and that in terms of national economic competitiveness, developing and transition countries stand to gain relatively most from improving their education and training systems compared to developed nations. Suggestions for improving measurements of education and training in the WEF index conclude the article and it is shown that educationalists can help refocus policy discussions on how to improve education and training systems through discussions on substance. 相似文献
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JENS BJERG 《比较教育学》1995,31(1):31-48
There is often something wistful about pedagogic theory and pedagogical reflections. This may be in the nature of things: pedagogy tends to operate in the realm of ideals and ideal situations. At a time when education seems to have become exclusively a matter of money and allocation of resources in the public discourse we have found it urgent to rethink and discuss some basic tenets of pedagogy in modern society. They are centred round the notions of cultural production, social integration, and socialisation. At the same time we introduce the concept of parallel learning. 相似文献
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