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This pilot study presents a lunar and Gregorian chronology of the Sira, that is the biography of the prophet Muhammad. The paper discusses the problems surrounding the chronology of very early Islamic history, namely, the pre‐Hijra era. This history is not covered by the Hijra calendar, and therefore, historians dated its events using other primitive dating systems, resulting in considerable difficulties and inaccuracies when comparing Gregorian dates of this early Islamic history. In order to overcome this problem and establish an accurate chronology of the early Islamic history, the introduction of a new lunar calendar (the Muhammadi calendar) which starts with the birth month and year of the prophet Muhammad, and covers all Islamic history including the pre‐Hijra era, is suggested. The Muhammadi calendar was used to study the earliest three versions of the Sira. All dated events of the Sira were compiled from these sources and presented, for the first time, according to their historical order. The Muhammadi dates of these events were then calculated. For the first time, a computer program was designed to convert the Muliammadi dates to their Christian equivalent. The program was then used to compute the Gregorian dates of the events of the Sira.  相似文献   
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Education and Information Technologies - The COVID-19 crisis has had a profound effect on higher education, especially medical education due to its sensitive nature, dealing with people’s...  相似文献   
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The analysis of longitudinal data has received widespread interest in the behavioral, educational, medical, and social sciences for many years. Many modeling techniques have been suggested for conducting such analyses, especially when the data exhibit complex nonlinear trajectory patterns. A major problem with many of these modeling techniques, however, is that they often either impose overly restrictive assumptions or can be computationally demanding. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a less known but highly effective modeling procedure that can be used to model complex nonlinear longitudinal data patterns. The procedure is illustrated using empirical data along with an easy to use computerized implementation.  相似文献   
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A Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivities of the likelihood ratio test and five commonly used delta goodness-of-fit (ΔGOF) indices (i.e., ΔGamma, ΔMcDonald’s, ΔCFI, ΔRMSEA, and ΔSRMR) to detect a lack of metric invariance in a bifactor model. Experimental conditions included factor loading differences, location and number of noninvariant items, and sample size. The results indicated all ΔGOF indices held Type I error to a minimum and overall had adequate power for the study. For detecting the violation of metric invariance, only ΔGamma and ΔCFI, in addition to Δχ2, are recommended to use in the bifactor model with values of ?.016 to ?.023 and ?.003 to ?.004, respectively. Moreover, in the variance component analysis, the magnitude of the factor loading differences contributed the most variation to all ΔGOF indices, whereas sample size affected Δχ2 the most.  相似文献   
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Abstract

This study surveyed Government school libraries in Benue State before the creation of Kogi State from Benue. The study was carried out using 100 non-pretested questionnaire forms of which only 70 were returned with sufficient information for analysis and generalization.

The study focused on how over 60 government school libraries, scattered over a large geographical area with a poor road network and few funds, are centrally administered. Further, the study covered the extent of co-operation between school libraries and their relationship to the central administration at the Ministry of Education and other library authorities elsewhere. The acquisition policy, staffing, processing, distribution and inspection, as well as operational standards are discussed and suggestions for improvement are supplied. Possible areas for further research relating to the study are raised in conclusion.  相似文献   
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Latent growth modeling (LGM) is a popular and flexible technique that may be used when data are collected across several different measurement occasions. Modeling the appropriate growth trajectory has important implications with respect to the accurate interpretation of parameter estimates of interest in a latent growth model that may impact educational policy decisions. A Monte Carlo simulation study was conducted to examine the accuracy of six information-based criteria (i.e., AIC, CAIC, AICC, BIC, nBIC, and HQIC) when selecting among various growth trajectories modeled using LGM under different sample size, number of time points, and growth trajectory scenarios. The accuracy of the information criteria generally improved as sample size increased. The cubic and linear growth models were distinguished most accurately by the information criteria. All of the nonlinear models were more easily distinguished as the number of time points increased. The comparative performance of the six information criteria was dependent upon the manipulated conditions. Implications of the findings are discussed.  相似文献   
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