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1.
When people judge the contingency between a target cue and an outcome, they also take into account the contingency between
the outcome and other cues with which the target cue co-occurred. Several authors have argued that such cue competition effects
are due to higher order reasoning processes. We review the evidence that supports this hypothesis and discuss whether higher
order reasoning might also play a role in other learning phenomena. 相似文献
2.
Kathleen Beckers 《Journalism Practice》2017,11(8):1026-1041
Interviews with the ordinary man or woman on the street are omnipresent in television news. These vox pop interviews are used to represent the general public in the news. Several editorial and practical guidelines exist about the characteristics of a “good” vox pop. But what characteristics do journalists search for in vox pops in practice? This study answers this question by looking at visual and contextual characteristics of vox pop interviews as a means to gain a better understanding of which vox pops appear in the news as a representation of the entire population. We conducted a content analysis of 2000 vox pop interviews in Flanders, Belgium’s Dutch-speaking region, supplemented by interviews with television journalists. We find that, despite editorial guidelines to do so, journalists hardly ever contextualize vox pop interviews by clarifying that they are not necessarily a good representation of the entire population. The results show that journalists select vox pops which are representative of age and gender, but not of minority groups such as ethnic-cultural minorities and people with disabilities. In some regards, vox pops thus provide a biased representation of the population and might influence the public to make wrongful generalizations about public opinion. 相似文献
3.
German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research - 相似文献
4.
H.L Beckers 《European Journal of Engineering Education》1981,6(1-2):35-44
I would like to start by thanking the organisers of the congress for giving me the opportunity of addressing you, the representatives of the scientific and technical schools and universities in Europe. I value this oppurtunity and I hope that the words I have to say will be of some value and interest. 相似文献
5.
Narrowing down the conditions for extinction of Pavlovian feature-positive discriminations in humans
Priya R. van Vooren Mathijs Franssen Tom Beckers Dirk Hermans Frank Baeyens 《Learning & behavior》2012,40(4):393-404
The aim of this study was to delineate the minimal conditions for extinction of Pavlovian modulation in humans. Previous experiments at our lab showed that, after X ? A+/A?C acquisition training, X?C trials did not extinguish differential X ? A+/A?C responding, while X ? A?C trials did. Additionally, X ? A?C extinction training seemed only to extinguish differential X ? A+/A?C responding, while leaving differential responding on a concurrently trained Y ? B+/B?C discrimination intact. It thus seemed that the X ? A+/A?C discrimination can only be extinguished by X ? A?C extinction trials. (Rescorla, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12, 16?C24, 1986), on the other hand, found that the minimal conditions for extinction were broader in pigeons: Namely, he found that an acquired X ? A+/A?C discrimination could be extinguished by presenting the original feature X in combination with a different target (B) that was minimally trained as an exciter. We thus wanted to examine whether this was also the case in humans. We found that nonreinforced X ? B?C presentations did not abolish discriminative X ? A/A responding when target B was a nonreinforced stimulus. Nonreinforced X ? B?C trials did extinguish the X ? A+/A?C discrimination when target B had previously been trained as a target for modulation (X ? B+/B?C or Y ? B+/B?C training) or as a reinforced exciter (B+). Our results thusf parallel and extend those in nonhuman animals (Rescorla, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 12, 16?C24, 1986). 相似文献
6.
Jorrick Beckers Diana H.J.M. Dolmans Michelle M.H. Knapen Jeroen J.G. van Merriënboer 《Journal of Vocational Education & Training》2019,71(2):260-288
Teacher coaching is essential to support self-directed learning, but requires a lot of time and energy. This mixed-methods study investigated the effects of using an e-portfolio with a self-coaching protocol and limited teacher coaching on the development of self-directed learning skills and motivation. With regard to self-directed learning, students’ overestimation of performance on learning tasks grew over time, while their ability to formulate points for improvement did not change significantly. With regard to motivation, students’ controlled (i.e. largely extrinsic) motivation increased while their autonomous (i.e. largely intrinsic) motivation decreased. Thematic analysis of interviews demonstrated students needed more support and feedback from their teacher. The use of suboptimal cues for performance assessment and an imperfect balance between autonomy and support hampered self-directed learning and motivation. We recommend providing just-in-time feedback about performance on learning tasks and giving students some autonomy over the choice of learning tasks, to enhance reflection and motivation. 相似文献
7.
8.
Three experiments examined human processing of stimuli as predictors and causes. In Experiments 1A and 1B, two serial events
that both preceded a third were assessed as predictors and as causes of the third event. Instructions successfully provided
scenarios in which one of the serial (target) stimuli was viewed as a strong predictor but as a weak cause of the third event.
In Experiment 2, participants’ preexperimental knowledge was drawn upon in such a way that two simultaneous antecedent events
were processed as predictors or causes, which strongly influenced the occurrence of overshadowing between the antecedent events.
Although a tendency toward overshadowing was found between predictors, reliable overshadowing was observed only between causes,
and then only when the test question was causal. Together with other evidence in the human learning literature, the present
results suggest that predictive and causal learning obey similar laws, but there is a greater susceptibility to cue competition
in causal than predictive attribution. 相似文献
9.
Although immigration always has been an issue of political debate, the 2015 European migrant crisis led to an enormous increase in attention from policymakers and news media. Many studies already focused on the representation of the crisis in the news, but no systematic longitudinal research existed comparing coverage in crisis and non-crisis times. This study analyzes all television news items on immigration in Flanders (Belgium) from the two main broadcasters from the period 2003–2017. By doing so, we are able to study whether there are changes in immigration coverage before and during the crisis years. We focus specifically on the actors that get the opportunity to voice their point of view on immigration and on the issues related to immigration. Our results show that before the crisis, immigration news coverage on the commercial and public service broadcaster was relatively similar. However, during the crisis their approach changes. The commercial broadcaster criminalizes immigration more and focuses on political actors. The public broadcaster opts for a broader issue approach and gives the word more to citizens and immigrants during the crisis. We elaborate in the conclusion on how crises can change the nature of reporting. 相似文献
10.
Bart Verheyden Bert O. Eijnde Frank Beckers Luc Vanhees André E. Aubert 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(11):1137-1147
Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a realistic, feasible, and commonly used fitness training programme on cardiac autonomic control in 14 sedentary men aged 62.0 ± 6.1 years (mean ± s). All participants performed a one-year fitness training programme in which training intensity and frequency were specifically chosen to be compliant for the majority of the participants (2 – 3 sessions per week at moderate intensity). At the same time, a reference group consisting of 15 sedentary age-matched men (age 64.2 ± 6.5 years) did not change their habitual physical activity. Measurements were performed before and after the training intervention. Cardiac autonomic control was inferred from resting values (supine and standing) of heart rate variability (HRV) computed in the frequency domain over 10-min intervals. Endurance capacity was evaluated during a maximal incremental bicycle ergometer test. In spite of an increase in peak oxygen consumption ([Vdot]O2peak) by 6.4% after training, heart rate in the training group remained unchanged at rest and at the same metabolic demand. No changes in resting parameters of HRV were shown for either groups or positions. Results from this study provide no evidence of a clinically meaningful increase in the vagal modulation to the sinus node at rest after one year of low-volume and moderate-intensity fitness training in men aged 55 – 75 years. 相似文献