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Why are speech spectrograms hard to read? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A M Liberman F S Cooper D P Shankweiler M Studdert-Kennedy 《American annals of the deaf》1968,113(2):127-133
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Corey Jay Liberman 《Communication Research Reports》2013,30(4):359-365
Those who study social networks encounter an all-too-often conundrum in academia: the richness of data sets coupled with methodological complications. This article highlights three of the most salient issues facing social network scholars and potential ways of overcoming them. By discussing the quantitative measurement of the network in question, the specific variables under examination, and the overall goal(s) of the research project, readers will understand both the costs and rewards associated with an area of communication, psychology, and sociology scholarship that has existed and thrived for more than a half century. 相似文献
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The aims of the research were to identify the environmental factors that relate to the work of regular school teachers who have students with special needs in their classroom, and to find out the correlation between these factors and teacher burnout. A total 330 primary school teachers filled in a questionnaire that had three parts: (1) personal background data; (2) the Friedman’s burnout questionnaire; and (3) environmental features typical of the work of school teachers that include students with special needs in their classroom, in four areas: psychological features, organizational, structural and social. Results show that the background data that related significantly to burnout was teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion. The more positive the attitude was, the more the teacher experienced burnout in the category of self‐fulfilment. This finding was contrary to the hypothesis of the research. Two other background variables were found to relate to the de‐personalization aspect of burnout, teaching higher‐grade students and having an additional administrative role in school. Two other findings that were found to correlate with higher burnout rates were the number of students with special needs in class (more than 20%) and very little assistance provided to the teacher. Three environmental factors were found to have negative correlation with burnout: the organizational factor, the psychological and the social, with the latter being the most significantly negatively correlated with burnout—i.e. the less social support the teacher experienced, the higher was her level of burnout. 相似文献
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At the beginning of the school year, 80 first graders, half receiving phonics instruction and half receiving whole word instruction, were asked to spell, read aloud, and recognize 60 regular and exception words. A standardized reading test and phoneme segmentation test were also administered. Those above grade level in reading excelled in phonological recording and application of grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules and were weaker in utilization of visual-orthographic knowledge. Those below grade level applied visual more than phonological coding and benefited from the visual-orthographic knowledge available in a clue word. Results support a continuum of visual and phonological analysis skills in first-grade reading consistent with Frith's (1985) logographic, alphabetic, and orthographic skill levels. 相似文献
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Due to a program reform in Israel, experienced CS high-school teachers faced the need to master and teach a new programming paradigm. This situation served as an opportunity to explore the relationship between teachers' content knowledge (CK) and their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). This article focuses on three case studies, with emphasis on one of them. Using observations and interviews, we examine how the teachers, we observed taught and what development of their teaching occurred as a result of their teaching experience, if at all. Our findings suggest that this situation creates a new hybrid state of teachers, which we term “regressed experts.” These teachers incorporate in their professional practice some elements typical of novices and some typical of experts. We also found that these teachers' experience, although established when teaching a different CK, serve as a leverage to improve their knowledge and understanding of aspects of the new content. 相似文献
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Basic research in speech and the lateralization of language is shown to illuminate the problems of reading and some of its
disabilities. First, it is pointed out how speech, or language for the ear, differs markedly from reading, or language for
the eye. Though the sounds of speech are a very complex code and the optical shapes of written language are a simple cipher
or alphabet on the phonemes, we all perceive speech easily but read only with difficulty. Perceiving speech is easy because,
as members of the human race, we all have access to a special physiological apparatus that decodes the complex speech signal
and recovers the segmentation of the linguistic message. Reading is hard because the phonemic segmentation, which is automatic
and intuitive in the case of speech, must be made fully conscious and explicit. The syllabic method supplemented by phonics
(used with certain reservations) is suggested for remediation of segmentation problems. Second, it is posited that since the
sounds of speech are processed differently from non-speech sounds, the two should not be diagnosed and remediated interchangeably.
Third, it is shown that the relationships among cerebral lateralization for language, handedness and poor reading can now
be studied more meaningfully because of the recent development of new techniques.
A truism often heard in the opening lecture of graduate classes in education is that we have few answers to the problems that
beset us, only questions. In the field of reading, the difficulty may be owing at least in part to our impatient attempts
to find immediate solutions for the teacher and the student in the classroom, and our consequent neglect of basic research.
I should like to suggest today how knowledge of basic research in related disciplines may lead to clues for improving beginning
reading instruction and the lot of the disabled reader—if only by affording us a deeper understanding of the reading process.
Paper based on a talk given at the Twenty-first Annual Conference of The Orton Society, Washington, D.C., November 14, 1970. 相似文献
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Growth of word reading skills was examined in first and second year Italian school children by analysis of the pattern of
reading errors. The study was designed to investigate the role of visual vs phonological similarities as causes of misreadings
in a transparent orthography. The selection of reading material was tailored to permit a meaningful cross-language comparison
with pre-existing findings on English-speaking children. The results showed that, in Italian as in English, spatially-related
errors (such as confusingb andd) constituted a minor proportion of the total errors. Errors on vowel and consonant letters that are not spatially confusable
accounted for the greater proportion of the total. Moreover, the co-occurrence of spatial and phonological confusability resulted
in appreciably more errors than when either occurred without the other. Vowel position in the syllable had no systematic effect
on errors. In beginning readers of Italian, consonant errors outnumbered vowel errors by a wide margin; the reverse pattern
was found in previous studies on English-speaking children at the same level of schooling. It is proposed that differences
between Italian and English in the phonological structure of the lexicon and in the consistency of grapheme-phoneme correspondences
account in large part for the differences in quantity and distribution of the errors. 相似文献
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This investigation explores Latin study as a possible route to superior spelling proficiency. The spelling ability of two groups of academically able eleventh graders — students of Latin and students of other second languages — is compared. It was found that the Latin students were superior in general spelling ability and were particularly proficient at spelling words of Latin origin. In addition, analysis of the spelling of derivatives for which knowledge of Latin could either facilitate or mislead the speller shows that Latin students were differentially affected by the two types of derivatives. In contrast, students of other second languages, lacking the knowledge of Latinate derivatives, simply made more errors on both types of words. Thus, it appears that Latin study does have an effect on spelling performance. Whether it can fully account for the superior spelling proficiency of the Latin students, however, remains a question to be answered by a prospective longitudinal investigation. Implications for instruction drawn from the present study are discussed. 相似文献