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Various theories of spelling development are discussed, includingtheir relevance to regularly spelled languages. For those languagesstudied so far, models including the incorporation of a wide variety oflinguistic knowledge seem most fruitful. Data from studies of reading,however, suggest that when the language is regularly spelled children donot make many errors after the initial stages. Data are presented fromspelling errors in children learning to spell Kiswahili, a regularlyspelled, non-European language. Patterns of errors and even specificphonemes and graphemes that are problematic are shown to resembleclosely the patterns found in English and other European languages. Itis concluded that, as in other languages, children are integrating manydifferent types of linguistic knowledge in their attempt to spell wordscorrectly; dialect, orthography, and grammatical knowledge are allimportant. Unlike reading such a language, spelling a regularly spelledlanguage is a cognitively challenging task. 相似文献
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Elena L. Grigorenko Damaris Ngorosho Matthew Jukes Donald Bundy 《Journal of Research in Reading》2006,29(1):104-123
Erratum . Journal of Research in Reading 29:2, 252 In this article, we discuss two characteristics of the majority of current behaviour‐ and molecular‐genetic studies of reading ability and disability, specifically, the ascertainment strategies and the populations from which samples are selected. In the context of this discussion, we present data that we collected on a sample of Swahili‐speaking siblings from Tanzania. With this sample, we (1) explore the efficiency and practicality of the single proband sibpair design and (2) provide data on the predictability of reading and spelling performance using reading‐related componential measures in a novel Swahili‐speaking sample. Specifically, we present the selection criteria, discuss the pattern of behavioural and behaviour‐genetic results obtained on the sample and compare these results with those available in the literature. We report behavioural and behaviour‐genetic correlations in this sample that are comparable with other studied samples in other languages, and discuss the similarities and differences. Thus, we demonstrate the suitability and effectiveness of the single sib ascertainment method for genetic analyses of reading ability and disability in novel samples in previously unstudied languages. 相似文献
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In orthographies studied to date, children learning to spell tend to omit one consonant of a cluster—for initial clusters,
the second consonant, and for medial nasal clusters, the nasal. Explanations have included a special status for the initial
consonant of a word, and the fact that in English nasal clusters are not true clusters but consist of a nasalised vowel plus
a consonant. We tested children’s spelling of initial and medial clusters consisting of a nasal consonant followed by another
consonant, but non-nasalised vowels, in Kiswahili. For both initial and medial clusters, the nasal was spelled wrongly more
often than the other consonant. The initial position in a word does not seem to have special properties. Rather, the spelling
of clusters seems to depend on the properties of the individual phonemes, nasals being particularly difficult to spell. It
is concluded that cross-linguistic studies of spelling development are necessary to draw generalised conclusions about phonological
processing. 相似文献
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Elena L. Grigorenko Adam Naples Joseph Chang Christina Romano Damaris Ngorosho Selemani Kungulilo Matthew Jukes Donald Bundy 《Reading and writing》2007,20(1-2):27-49
A sample of Swahili-speaking probands with reading difficulties was identified from a large representative sample of 1,500
school children in the rural areas of Tanzania. Families of these probands (n = 88) were invited to participate in the study. The proband and his/her siblings received a battery of reading-related tasks
and performance on these tasks was recorded and treated as phenotypic data. Molecular-genetic analyses were carried out with
47 highly polymorphic markers spanning three previously identified regions of interest harboring susceptibility loci for reading
difficulties: 2p, 6p, and 15q (DYX1–DYX3). The analyses revealed the involvement of these regions in the development of reading
difficulties in Swahili. The linkage signals are especially pronounced for time (compared with error) indicators of reading
difficulties. These findings are easily interpretable because in transparent languages such as Swahili deficits in reading
are more related to the rate/speed of reading and reading-related processes than to the number of errors made. In short, the
study incrementally advances the field by adding an understudied language and an understudied population to the variety of
languages and populations in the field of molecular-genetic studies of reading difficulties. 相似文献
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