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An odds ratio approach (ORA) under the framework of a nested logit model was proposed for evaluating differential distractor functioning (DDF) in multiple‐choice items and was compared with an existing ORA developed under the nominal response model. The performances of the two ORAs for detecting DDF were investigated through an extensive simulation study. The impact of model misfit on the performance of each ORA was also examined. To facilitate practical interpretation of each method, effect size measures were obtained and compared. Finally, data from a college‐level mathematics placement test were analyzed using the two approaches. 相似文献
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Beyond the Dilemma of Difference: The Capability Approach to Disability and Special Educational Needs 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Lorella Terzi 《Journal of Philosophy of Education》2005,39(3):443-459
In her recent pamphlet Special Educational Needs: a new look (2005) Mary Warnock has called for a radical review of special needs education and a substantial reconsideration of the assumptions upon which the current educational framework is based. The latter, she maintains, is hindered by a contradiction between the intention to treat all learners as the same and that of responding adequately to the needs arising from their individual differences. The tension highlighted by Warnock, which is central to the debate in special and inclusive education, is also referred to as the 'dilemma of difference'. This consists in the seemingly unavoidable choice between, on the one hand, identifying children's differences in order to provide for them differentially, with the risk of labelling and dividing, and, on the other, accentuating the 'sameness' and offering common provision, with the risk of not making available what is relevant to, and needed by, individual children. In this paper, I argue that the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen provides an innovative and important perspective for re-examining the dilemma of difference in significant ways. In particular, I maintain that reconceptualising disability and special needs through the capability approach makes possible the overcoming of the tension at the core of the dilemma of difference, whilst at the same time inscribing the debate within an ethical, normative framework based upon justice and equality. 相似文献
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INTRODUCTION Video content will be the main contributor to the future traffic in multimedia applications. Camcorders, digital cameras and lately mobile phones with video capturing capabilities have resulted in a wide spreading of multimedia to the masses. Quality of the captured/rendered videos is likely to be the major determining factor in the success of the new multi- media applications as well as product differentiation. Video processing chain includes video capturing, video pre-proce… 相似文献
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