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This study addressed a puzzling discrepancy in existing research about when children achieve and manifest a mentalistic conception of the person. Narrative research suggests that children do not represent characters as mental agents until middle childhood, whereas social cognition research places this understanding at around 4 years. Using a theoretically informed typology, 617 stories were analyzed composed by 30 children participating in a storytelling and story-acting practice integrated into their preschool curriculum. Results indicated that children's representation of characters shifted from almost exclusively physical and external portrayals of "actors" at 3 to increasing inclusion of "agents" with rudimentary mental states at 4 and of "persons" with mental representational capacities by 5. The developmental trajectories of boys and girls differed somewhat. 相似文献
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Reflections on the Professionalisation of Adult Educators in the Framework of Public Policies in Portugal 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
PAULA GUIMARÃES 《European Journal of Education》2009,44(2):205-219
The discussion in this article is based on recent research carried out by the author recently on adult education public policies and her participation in the Adult Learning Practitioners in Europe (ALPINE) project coordinated by Research voor Beleid (The Netherlands) and funded by the European Commission. The analysis presented here stresses the challenges faced by adult educators in Portugal in the last decades and the concerns about the emerging professionalisation process that started in the framework of observed adult education and training public policy. 相似文献
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ES R. MASTERS 《Journal of Educational Measurement》1974,11(1):49-53
The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between number of response categories employed and internal-consistency reliability of Likert-type questionnaires. Two questionnaires, each composed of items with high loadings on one factor, were scaled with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 categories. The questionnaires were administered to graduate students in education and coefficient alpha reliabilities were computed both for random samples of items and for each total questionnaire. The results indicated that in situations where low total score variability is achieved with a small number of categories, reliability can be increased through increasing the number of categories employed, in situations where pinion is widely divided toward the content being measured, reliability appeared to be independent of the number of response categories. 相似文献
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The study reported here used a systematic interpretive analysis of young children's spontaneous narratives to investigate the development of their conceptions of the person. We argue that currently predominant approaches to this subject in social cognition research are insufficiently sociocultural and need to be broadened and reoriented (a) to capture the social (rather than purely mentalistic) dimension inherent in any conception of the person, (b) to examine how the development of children's conception of the person involves the selective appropriation of culturally elaborated models of personhood, and therefore (c) to recognize that children develop and employ different conceptions of the person, in ways that are socioculturally patterned. The study examined a body of 598 stories generated by 30 preschool children (5 girls and 5 boys in 3 age cohorts: 3s, 4s, and 5s) through a storytelling and story-acting practice that was a regular (but voluntary) part of their classroom activities for the entire school year. Analyses indicated that in their narratives the girls and boys constructed and elaborated two distinctive gender-related conceptions of the person: girls a socially embedded and interdependent person, who becomes increasingly individuated and self-consciously responsible; boys a separate and agonistic person, who increasingly becomes a stable, autonomous, and self-conscious mental agent. Typologies are presented to delineate and compare the developmental pathways of these two gender-related models of personhood. Some implications for early childhood education are also discussed. 相似文献
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CLÁUDIA TARRAGÔ CANDOTTI JERRI RIBEIRO DENISE PASCHOAL SOARES ÁLVARO REISCHAK DE OLIVEIRA JEFFERSON FAGUNDES LOSS ANTÔNIO CARLOS S. GUIMARÃES 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(1):31-43
The effective force applied on the crank, the index of pedalling effectiveness, and the economy of movement at 60, 75, 90, and 105 rev/min cadences were examined in nine cyclists and eight triathletes. Tests were performed on two days. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured and the second ventilatory threshold was estimated on day 1 using a stationary bicycle. On day 2, the four different cadences were tested at about 5% below the second ventilatory threshold. A strain gauge instrumented clip-less pedal mounted on the bicycle enabled us to measure the normal and tangential forces exerted on the pedal, while the pedal and crank angles were monitored with the aid of a video system. Based on this information, the effective force and the index of pedalling effectiveness were calculated. Cyclists produced significantly more effective force and a higher index of pedalling effectiveness at 60 and 75 rev/min and were significantly more economic at all cadences than triathletes. The significant and positive correlation between effective force and economy at all cadences suggests that improvement of the effective force would reflect on economy. 相似文献
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