排序方式： 共有8条查询结果，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1
1.
Sara J. Shettleworth 《Learning & behavior》1978,6(3):352-362
Undeprived hamsters received nest paper or sunflower seeds in their home cages, free or contingent on one of three activities. The pattern of effects of reinforcement was the same as that reported previously with food for hungry hamsters in an open field: Open rearing and scrabbling quickly increased in rate when reinforced with paper or seeds, but face washing showed little or no increase. Certain interrelations found previously between noncontingent effects of reinforcers, deprivation effects, and contingent effects were absent and therefore are not essential to the differences among these three behaviors during reinforcement. The hamsters could learn to interrupt fact washing to collect either paper or seeds, but even then they did not increase their time face washing to high levels. Raising the operant level of face washing by spraying the animals with water did not improve instrumental performance. Face washing could be classified as an involuntary activity, but this term does not provide a full account of its special properties, such as shortened bouts, during reinforcement and punishment. 相似文献
2.
Hooded rats and golden hamsters were shocked by one of two prods in a chamber with a sawdust-covered floor. Rats buried the prod through which they had been shocked, but hamsters displayed no burying behavior. Hamsters may not have buried the prod because they could not perform the required motor pattern. However, hamsters can carry and pile food pellets. Therefore, in a second experiment, rats and hamsters were shocked in a chamber with wooden blocks on the floor. Rats piled blocks around the prod through which they had been shocked, but hamsters did not. The third experiment established that, like rats, hamsters can associate a prod with shock in one trial, since they showed differential avoidance of a prod through which they had been shocked. Since hamsters are nonsocial and rats are social, these results are consistent with suggestions that burying sources of aversive stimulation evolved as an altruistic behavior. 相似文献
3.
Learning & Behavior - Black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus), a food-storing bird, were presented with three-item lists of unique spatial configurations. Each item consisted of one baited... 相似文献
4.
Black-capped chickadees (Parus atricapillus) and dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) were required to match to the last item from a series of up to three stimuli differing in both location and color. When rewarded for pecking the target stimulus during the study phase of each series, black-capped chickadees demonstrated proactive interference (PI) from stimuli presented prior to the target, whereas juncos did not. When they made an error, chickadees were more likely than were juncos to choose a distractor from the study series rather than a novel stimulus. When reward was no longer associated with presentation of the final target sample in a series, juncos also suffered PI. These results indicate that chickadees and juncos differ in the degree to which the recency of stimuli and the associative strength of stimuli control correct matching. 相似文献
5.
Rats found food in a rectangular enclosure in three experiments testing how learning about a distinctive feature near a goal
interacts with learning based on the geometry of an enclosure. Rats trained to follow a feature in square and triangular enclosures
and to use geometry in the rectangle followed the feature when it was in the rectangle (Experiment 1). Rats trained with the
feature in a geometrically consistent corner of the rectangle learned about both geometry and the feature (Experiment 2).
Training with the feature in the square did not block learning of geometry when both predicted the location of food in the
rectangle (Experiment 3). The “geometric module” (Cheng, 1986) may have a special status in spatial learning. 相似文献
6.
The degree of spatial and temporal contiguity between contact with a prod and shock was varied in three experiments to see how these factors contribute to defensive burying. In Experiment 1, rats shocked once through a grid floor while touching a prod buried the prod just as much as did rats shocked through the prod. Experiment 2 showed that rats either shocked through the floor more than 1 min after touching the prod or shocked in the absence of a prod did not bury the prod. Thus, close temporal contiguity between grid shock and prod contact appears necessary for burying. Nevertheless, grid-shocked rats do learn something different from prod-shocked rats, since they bury the prod less and the walls more than do prod-shocked rats when the position of the prod is changed in the test chamber (Experiment 3). 相似文献
7.
We conducted four experiments in order to investigate whether pigeons' responses to a recently attended (i.e., recently pecked)
location are inhibited. In Experiments 1 and 2, stimulus displays were similar to those used in studies of inhibition of return
(IOR) with humans; responses to cued targets tended to be facilitated rather than inhibited. In Experiments 3 and 4, birds
were presented with stimulus displays that mimicked clusters of small grains and were relatively localized, which should have
been more appropriate for detecting IOR in pigeons. The results from these experiments again provided evidence for facilitation
of responding to cued targets, rather than for IOR. 相似文献
8.
In two operant simulations of prey selection, the choice behavior of pigeons and the predictions of a model of the effect of session length on optimal prey selection were compared. All but one of the predictions were confirmed. In the first experiment, a higher proportion of “bad” items (comparatively long delays to food) was accepted in 10-min sessions in one operant chamber than in the first 10 min of 20-min sessions in a different chamber. The proportion of bad items accepted increased toward the end of the 20-min sessions. In the second experiment, the birds were exposed both to 20-min sessions in one distinctively marked operant chamber and to sessions of variable length, with a mean of 20 min, in another. A higher proportion of bad items was accepted in the variable-session chamber than in the fixed-session chamber at the beginning of the 20-min sessions. This difference decreased toward the end of the sessions but did not reverse as expected. In both experiments, an independent test analogous to the peak procedure was administered to establish whether the birds discriminated among the different session lengths. 相似文献
1