排序方式： 共有36条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Abraham Bookstein Shmuel T. Klein Timo Raita 《Information processing & management》1997,33(6):745-760
Many of the most effective compression methods involve complicated models. Unfortunately, as model complexity increases, so does the cost of storing the model itself. This paper examines a method to reduce the amount of storage needed to represent a Markov model with an extended alphabet, by applying a clustering scheme that brings together similar states. Experiments run on a variety of large natural language texts show that much of the overhead of storing the model can be saved at the cost of a very small loss of compression efficiency. 相似文献
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The present paper explores what, and how, student teachers may learn about theory and practice from writing cases, and examines some pedagogical features that may contribute to these results. Drawing on data collected from our course "Principles of Learning for Teaching", including student cases from outline to final drafts and students' course reflections, we found that students' successive case drafts demonstrated a development from naïve generalizations to sophisticated, theory-based explanations of the issues at play in their cases. In particular, we suggest that students' cases demonstrated some of the moves that Berliner (1986, 1991) identified as characteristic of more "expert" thinking about teaching. We propose that reading theory in context with writing cases, that sharing cases with peer readers, that specific, theoretically grounded, and concrete feedback from instructors, and that providing multiple opportunities for revision may have been most useful in helping student teachers learn to think like a teacher. 相似文献
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Severe Violence During Adolescence and Early Adulthood and Its Relation to Anticipated Rewards and Costs 
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下载免费PDF全文 This report compares the effects (concurrent and lagged) of the anticipated rewards and costs of violent crime on engagement in severe violence in a sample of male juvenile offenders (N = 1,170; 42.1% black, 34.0% Hispanic, 19.2% white, and 4.6% other; ages 14–18 at baseline). Anticipated rewards (social approval, thrill) are more predictive of concurrent severe violence than are anticipated costs (social disapproval, risk of punishment). The analysis finds no evidence that perceptions of the rewards and costs of violent crime influence engagement in severe violence 6 months later. The results support the view that adolescence is a time of heightened reward salience but raise doubt about the longitudinal predictive validity of perceptions about crime during this time of life. 相似文献
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The Significance of Gender Boundaries in Preadolescence: Contemporary Correlates and Antecedents of Boundary Violation and Maintenance 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
L. Alan Sroufe Christopher Bennett Michelle Englund Joan Urban Shmuel Shulman 《Child development》1993,64(2):455-466
Previous research has established the importance of gender boundaries as a normative aspect of development in middle childhood. Here, the nature and importance of gender boundaries as an individual differences construct was explored. Ratings of gender boundary violation and gender boundary maintenance were made of 47 10–11-year-old children participating in a series of summer day camps. These ratings were supported by videotape-based behavior codings of gender boundary violating behaviors and by live observations of sheer number of associations with members of the opposite gender. In addition, considerable external validation of these individual differences was obtained. Children low on gender boundary violation and (especially) children high on boundary maintenance were independently judged by camp counselors to be socially competent. They also were found to be higher on a friendship variable, based on observation. Those who violated boundary were especially unpopular with peers, based on a child interview. Finally, boundary violation and maintenance were related to attachment history and to early measures of parent-child generational boundary distortions. 相似文献
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This study, guided by family communication patterns theory, examined the role of family communication in political socialization. We tested whether certain communication styles were associated with higher levels of political similarity within the family. Additionally, the independent influences of the mother and father, as well as the direction of these influences, were considered. Results suggest that different communication styles are associated with higher levels of political similarity. Additionally, it was found that children were more likely to share their mothers' political attitudes than their fathers'. Explanations for these findings are discussed and implications focusing on the role of communication in the socialization literature are considered. 相似文献
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Malka Margalit Shmuel Shulman 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》1986,33(3):199-205
The aim of the present survey was to identify expectations arising from the introduction of microcomputers into special schools in Israel. One hundred and ten headmasters, representing schools of varied sizes enrolling children over a wide age range and with different kinds of handicap, participated in the study. Most of the schools had no prior experience with microcomputers, so that headmasters’ expectations reflected major unsolved difficulties rather than knowledge of what to expect. The expectations of headmasters of schools catering for different types of handicap revealed a common emphasis, with interest directed primarily toward cognitive skill training and basic skill development with the hope that the unique program characteristics of computers, namely clear‐cut goals, consistent feedback, high response rate, adaptable pace and demonstrated improvement, would facilitate the necessary skill training. 相似文献