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This study investigated relations between social interaction during infancy and children's subsequent theory of mind (ToM). Infant-mother pairs (N = 57) were observed in a free-play context at 6 months. Interactions were coded for (a) mothers' use of mental state language that commented appropriately on the infants' mental states, and (b) mothers' use of mental state language that did not appropriately reflect their infants' minds. A third variable was (c) security of attachment, which was assessed using the Strange Situation procedure at 12 months. Performance on a battery of ToM tasks at 45 and 48 months was positively correlated with (a), but was not related to (b) or (c). A regression analysis showed that mothers' use of appropriate mental state comments independently predicted overall ToM performance, accounting for 11% of the variance. Children's verbal ability was the only other independent predictor of ToM performance, accounting for 16% of the variance. These findings represent the earliest known social predictor of individual differences in ToM.  相似文献   
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The construct validity of maternal mind-mindedness (MM) was investigated in the context of its relations with children's later understanding of mind. MM measures were obtained from infant-mother (N = 52) interactions at 6 months, and from maternal interviews at 48 months. Children's understanding of mind was assessed using theory of mind (ToM) tasks at 45 and 48 months, and a stream of consciousness (SoC) task at 55 months. One of the early MM measures--mothers' appropriate mind-related comments--was a positive independent predictor of: (a) MM at 48 months, and (b) ToM and SoC performance at 45 to 55 months. Path analyses suggested direct links between mothers' use of appropriate mind-related comments and children's later understanding of mind.  相似文献   
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Co-design and other associated design approaches often deploy creative and making approaches in facilitating collaborative practices. In a therapeutic setting, engagement in creative and making activities have been associated with improvements in people's well-being, yet when deploying these as part of co-design practices, these outcomes are often overlooked. This paper presents the results from a series of workshops that focused on the well-being benefits of participating in co-design practices. The research uses Max-Neef's (1991). Theory of Needs to explore how innate human needs might be satisfied through participation in co-design practices, and demonstrates how this framework might be used for planning and evaluating co-design practices through a wellbeing lens. Finally, it suggests that future generations of design practitioners would benefit from exposure to the consideration of co-design as a process of “welldoing.”  相似文献   
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Abstract

This paper compares the educational attributes of two forms of communication currently in use in distance education in the United Kingdom. Although these forms do not cover the spectrum of technology available, they do represent very different modes. The first of these is the Electronic White Board, a form of audio conferencing combined with a visual display. The second is asynchronous computer conferencing, or computer‐mediated communication, a text‐based means of communication.  相似文献   
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