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互联网的各项基本协议都由IETF专门以RFC的形式进行标准化,从而保证互联网设备的互联互通,例如RFC791定义了IP协议,RFC793定义了TCP协议等。因此,人们往往认为RFC都是那些乏味的二进制编码和协议交互方式的定义。事实上,RFC的类型包括Standards(标准)、DraftStandards(草案标准)、ProposedStandards(提案标准)、Experimental(实验性的)、Informational(知识性的)、Historic(历史性的)以及EarlyRFCs(在IETF标准化之前早期的),其中知识性的RFC不乏充满各种趣味和互联网历史的内容。例如,IETF为了纪念著名的互联网先驱JonathanB.Postel,1998年10月17日由互联网之父VintonCerf(TCP/IP协议的发明人之一,国际地址与域名机构ICANN主席)专门撰写了RFC2468。鉴于JonPostel所创建的IANA在互联网发展史上的突出作用,RFC2468取题“追忆IANA”来表示对JonPostel的敬意。此外,JonPostel曾经工作过的地方ISI至今仍然维护着一个网站“Postel中心(”http://www.postel.org/)用以纪念JonPostel对互联网作出的卓越贡献。 相似文献
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Catherine Laurent Marianne Cerf Pierre Labarthe 《The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension》2013,19(1):5-16
Abstract If farmers are to meet the new challenges facing agriculture (environment, rural development, etc.), appropriate knowledge has to be produced. But observations in six EU countries (France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Spain and the UK) show that unexpected problems arise when technical support for agriculture is linked to market regulation, as recommended since the late 1980s. The source of these problems can be understood better by applying concepts from the service economy: i) The production of new knowledge requires strong interaction between service providers (technical support bodies) and beneficiaries (farmers). The weakening of non-market regulation procedures, which partly guaranteed these possibilities of interaction, makes the conception of an advisory service difficult. ii) As soon as consultancy becomes a paying service, some beneficiaries reduce technical interaction with their colleagues in order to benefit from a productive advantage, and the ‘multipliable’ nature of new knowledge is reduced. iii) An increasing number of farmers are excluded from the benefits of technical support even though they help to provide services that society expects from agriculture (management of the land, maintenance of activities in low-density areas). iv) The responsibility for combining contradictory requirements (competitiveness, environment, rural development) is most often put on the shoulders of individual farmers who are unequipped to deal with such complex issues. Observed trends attest to the fact that effects often run counter to the stated agricultural and rural development objectives of policies. 相似文献
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Thirty-six participants performed bilateral and unilateral isometric elbow flexion trials at what they perceived to be 100, 75, 50, and 25% of maximal effort. Absolute bilateral deficits ranged from--16% at 25% effort to--10% at 100% effort. The deficit included a component independent of consciousness and a component inversely related to intensity attributable to perceptual differences between unilateral and bilateral tasks. Forty-two participants performed bilateral and unilateral isometric elbow flexion trials at 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20% of maximal effort. Perception of effort in submaximal bilateral trials was consistently and significantly higher (5.5-9.6%) than corresponding unilateral trials. These data suggest that the bilateral deficit exists at submaximal levels of effort and is based on perceptual and physiological components. 相似文献
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Summary The purpose of co-operation between advisors and farmers during formulation and solving of farm-management problems is to improve the efficiency of farm-management advice and to improve the adaptation of farm management to the increasing uncertainty which presently characterises the agricultural sector. The aim of the present study was to design a tool that supports co-operation between a management advisor and a farmer when they work together on the farmer's management problems. This was performed within a management centre with a group of farmers and advisors. We describe our design approach in order to point out the discrepancies between farmers' and advisors' conceptions of the advisory relation as well as the way the group overcame these discrepancies by building up support for the advisory relation. We refer to this type of support as co-monitoring support as it is geared towards maintaining a common operative frame of reference and a periodical re-examination of the advisor's role in the problem-solving process. The support tools are under test in the management centre. We finally discuss the relevance of the design approach according to the use of the support by advisors and farmers. 相似文献
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