Low-intensity electrical muscle stimulation induces significant increases in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness     

Toshiaki Miyamoto  Hiroyuki Kamada  Akira Tamaki  Toshio Moritani 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1104-1110

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-intensity exercise training using belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy subjects. Nineteen healthy subjects were allocated into control or intervention groups; in both groups the participants kept regular physical activity while the intervention group underwent 30 min B-SES training at 3–4 METs for four weeks. Knee extensor muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance during incremental exercise test were measured at baseline and after four weeks for all participants. The relative change of knee extensor muscle strength in the intervention group was significantly higher than control group (p?p?相似文献   

Technology and economic growth: He case of Japan     

Merton J. Peck  Akira Goto 《Research Policy》1981,10(3):222-243

This paper provides a general background of the characteristics of the Japanese economy that relate to its use of technology to promote economic growth. We do not consider the common view that Japan just catching up with the technological level of other industrialized countries explains its remarkable rate of post-war economic growth. Rather we argue that the effective importation of technology requires complementary resources of management, skilled labor, capital, and domestic R&D as well as public to facilitate the transfer of technology. Japan has such complementary resources and public policies. The first part of the paper describes the process of technology importation and current concerns in Japan about dependence on imported technology. The second part of the paper describes Japan's domestic R&D effort and its major reliance on private sector R&D, supplemented, however, with government intervention in selected industries. The third part of the paper examines the institutional settings that had the significant impacts on Japan's introduction of new technology. These institutional factors include 1) post-war economic growth and changes in industry structure, 2) the character of competition, 3) the business group and 4) characteristics and organization in the supply of labor.  相似文献   

Behavioral field analysis in two strains of rats in a conditioned defensive burying paradigm     

Akira Tsuda  Yoshishige Ida  Masatoshi Tanaka 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(3):354-358

Two strains of rats (albino Wistar and hooded PVG/c) were exposed to a conditioned defensive burying paradigm that consisted of placing rats in a test chamber with bedding material on the floor, shocking them with a shock prod, and recording the time each rat spent in burying responses toward the prod. Various behaviors other than burying (freezing, grooming/paw licking) were observed by a time-sampling procedure during the control, conditioning, and extinction sessions, each of which was 15 min in duration. Wistar rats generally showed behavioral inhibition, as evidenced by less burying, lower exploratory and ambulatory behavior, and higher freezing behavior. PVG/c rats spent significantly more time engaged in burying and accumulated more bedding material in the conditioning session than did the Wistar rats. No significant differences between the two strains of rats were observed during the extinction session in terms of these measurements. The results indicate that Wistar rats have a greater tendency to freeze when coping with the noxious stimulus in a conditioned defensive burying paradigm, whereas the dominant coping style for PVG/c rats is defensive burying.  相似文献   

A Critical Analysis of Job‐satisfied Teachers in Japan     

Akira Ninomiya  Toshitaka Okato 《比较教育学》1990,26(2-3):249-257

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George E. Walker,Chris M. Golde,Laura Jones,Andrea Conklin Bueschel,Pat Hutchings: The formation of scholars: rethinking doctoral education for the twenty-first century     

Akira Arimoto 《Higher Education》2010,60(1):119-121

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日本江户时期诸藩及个人文库中国烟粉小说的收藏情况     

矶部彰 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2010,39(2)

日本江户时代,德山藩、佐伯藩、秋田藩烟粉小说的收藏,与诸藩和个人文库相比呈现着特殊的状况.在德山、佐伯两藩,不仅收藏了中国烟粉小说,而且还有烟粉色彩很浓的中国戏曲,从中显示了以反映毛利元次和毛利高标个人意识为特征的搜集书籍的方针.江户中期白话小说类的搜集情况,似乎与唐话学的流行存在着某种关联.作者以诸藩和个人文库所藏目录为线索,对清代出版较多的以烟粉小说为主的中国白话小说,以及多以爱情内容为中心的戏曲类作品的收藏情况进行了调查,希望能为江户时代日本人与烟粉小说,进而为与中国小说、戏曲关系的研究提供一些资料.  相似文献   

Effects of intense exercise on the physiological and mental condition of female university judoists during a training camp     

Takashi Umeda  Kazuhiro Suzukawa  Ippei Takahashi  Yousuke Yamamoto  Masaru Tanabe  Arata Kojima 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):897-904

Abstract

To clarify the physical and mental fatigue caused by intense exercise and the relationship between the two types of fatigue, we examined changes in anthropometric and biochemical variables, neutrophil function, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire in 13 female university judoists attending a one-week training camp. Blood glucose, total cholesterol, haemoglobin, leukocyte count, IgG, and phagocytic activity all decreased after the training camp compared with baseline (P ≤ 0.046). Aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and neutrophil oxidative burst activity increased after the training camp (P ≤ 0.007). Of the POMS scores, that for Fatigue increased after the training camp (P = 0.041) and that for Vigour decreased (P = 0.042). The changes in several POMS scores correlated with the changes in blood biochemical variables. In particular, the change in Total mood disturbance was negatively associated with changes in myogenic enzymes (P ≤ 0.032). Our results suggest that intense exercise during training camps for female judoists leads to the appearance and accumulation of mental and physical fatigue, which are related to each other.  相似文献   

The Japanese education system with special emphasis on higher education     

Ali M. El-Agraa  Akira Ichii 《Higher Education》1985,14(1):1-16

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief analysis of the Japanese educational system and to give a somewhat detailed discussion of Japanese higher education. Its main conclusions are: although the bulk of higher education is catered for privately, the prestige institutions tend to be public ones; the character of the system as a whole seems to reflect Japanese society very clearly indeed since it supports high growth industries, reinforces the traditionally accepted distinction between the sexes, and determines both the structure of wages and salaries in general and its sex variance in particular; and that there are very serious problems currently confronting Japanese educationalists - these relate to the official inspection of textbooks, the emergence of anti-teacher violence within schools and the reduction in the size of the public subsidy to private education.The authors are extremely grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from Margaret B. Sutherland, Professor of Education, University of Leeds and Dr. Penny Francks, specialist on modern Japanese history at the Department of Chinese Studies, University of Leeds. However, the usual disclaimer applies.Ali M. El-Agraa is a Senior Lecturer in Economics, School of Economic Studies, University of Leeds, England and is the Visiting Professor in charge of International Economics and Middle Eastern Studies, Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan, Niigata for the period September 1984–August 1985. Akira Ichii is Professor of Economics, University of Chuo in Tokyo and is currently (April 1982–March 1984) a Visiting Fellow in the School of Economic Studies, University of Leeds.  相似文献   

Effect of the racket mass and the rate of strokes on kinematics and kinetics in the table tennis topspin backhand     

Yoichi Iino  Takeji Kojima 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(8):721-729

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the racket mass and the rate of strokes on the kinematics and kinetics of the trunk and the racket arm in the table tennis topspin backhand. Eight male Division I collegiate table tennis players hit topspin backhands against topspin balls projected at 75 balls · min^?1 and 35 balls · min^?1 using three rackets varying in mass of 153.5, 176 and 201.5 g. A motion capture system was used to obtain trunk and racket arm motion data. The joint torques of the racket arm were determined using inverse dynamics. The racket mass did not significantly affect all the trunk and racket arm kinematics and kinetics examined except for the wrist dorsiflexion torque, which was significantly larger for the large mass racket than for the small mass racket. The racket speed at impact was significantly lower for the high ball frequency than for the low ball frequency. This was probably because pelvis and upper trunk axial rotations tended to be more restricted for the high ball frequency. The result highlights one of the advantages of playing close to the table and making the rally speed fast.  相似文献   

Multi-age-grouping paradigm for young swimmers     

Kojima K  Jamison PL  Stager JM 《Journal of sports sciences》2012,30(3):313-320

The purpose of this study was to examine the adequacy of "multi-age" classification systems in youth sports with a specific focus on the unisex multi-age-groupings used by USA Swimming. In addition, we offer an analytical rationale for the multi-age-groupings and potential alternatives. We examined the top 100 US swim performances for three years (2005, 2006, and 2007) for girls and boys in 15 age-groups (7 to 20 years and a singular group of 21 years and older). Data for each age and sex were pooled over the three years and means were calculated for each of seven competitive swim events. Swim times differed among each age up to the 14-year age-group in girls (F (14,30885) = 183.9, P < 0.01, Cohen's d = 1.19-3.72, large effect) and 16-year age-group in boys (F (14,30885) = 308.7, P < 0.01, Cohen's d = 0.81-3.64, large effect) for all events. Age-related differences in swim times continued later in boys than girls likely due to differences between the sexes in timing of growth and maturation. Because of the differences in swim performance in contemporary multi-age-groups, stratifying swimmers by a single age is the best means to ensure competitive fairness and equality, although there is no rationale for swimmers under the age of 8 years to compete in separate unisex competitive groups.  相似文献