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To inform anti-doping policy and practice, it is important to understand the complexities of doping. The purpose of this study was to collate and systematically examine the reasoned decisions published by UK Anti-Doping for doping sanctions in rugby union in the UK since the introduction of the 2009 World Anti-Doping Code. Case files were content analysed to extract demographic information and details relating to the anti-doping rule violation (ADRV), including individuals’ explanations for how/why the ADRV occurred. Between 2009 and 2015, 49 rugby union players and one coach from across the UK were sanctioned. Over 50% of the cases involved players under the age of 25, competing at sub-elite levels. Reasons in defence of the ADRV focused on functional use and lifestyle factors rather than performance enhancement. An a priori assessment of the “need”, “risk” and “consequence” of using a substance was not commonplace; further strengthening calls for increasing the reach of anti-doping education. The findings also deconstruct the view that “doped” athletes are the same. Consequently, deepening understanding of the social and cultural conditions that encourage doping remains a priority. 相似文献
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Lea-Cathrin Dohme Susan Backhouse David Piggott Gareth Morgan 《International review of sport and exercise psychology》2017,10(1):134-163
Inconsistencies in the use and definition of psychological terms within the talent development literature have been identified. To advance the scientific field, the creation of a shared language is recommended. This review aimed to systematically (1) identify terms used in empirical studies to describe psychological components purported to facilitate athletes’ development; (2) analyse the definition and meanings of these terms; and (3) group, label, and define terms into meaning clusters. A systematic review using a narrative approach to synthesise information was conducted. A comprehensive literature search of SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and ERIC was completed in May 2015. In total, 21 empirical studies, published between 2002 and 2015, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the narrative synthesis. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the findings. Identified psychological terms were categorised as psychological skills or psychological characteristics. Psychological skills were defined as athletes’ ability to use learned psychological strategies (e.g., self-talk) to regulate and facilitate the enhancement of psychological characteristics. Psychological characteristics were defined as predispositions that impact upon athlete development (e.g., self-confidence). Despite being relatively enduring and consistent across a range of situations, psychological characteristics can be regulated and enhanced through the use of psychological skills. 相似文献
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Bruce Backhouse 《TechTrends》2003,47(3):5-8
Several ICT initiatives have failed to create systemic change in education. As outlined, a number of factors may account for
this. For the potential of ICT to be widely realized beyond early adopting teachers, educators must be convinced that the
resources enable them to do their jobs better and more efficiently. The major contributions of CITI and the Curriculum Navigator
lie in their ability to provide strategies, resources, and planning functionality to achieve this goal. 相似文献
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John K. Backhouse 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》1989,20(1):105-110
This article describes the work of the Low Attainers Mathematics Project which has produced the report Better Mathematics (Ahmed, 1987). Mention is made of the way in which the report was written. The article concludes with some remarks about bringing about large scale changes in teaching method through research. 相似文献
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石峰 《科技成果管理与研究》2011,(6):53-54
文章简要地分析了电流互感器产生饱和的原因、特性以及对保护产生的影响,并结合工作经验提出了一些实用的对策,为相关工作人员提供参考。 相似文献
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The exercise psychology literature includes an intriguing, albeit not frequently discussed, paradox by juxtaposing two conclusions: (a) that exercise makes most people feel better and (b) that most people are physically inactive or inadequately active. In this article, we propose that this might be an artifact rather than a paradox. Specifically, we question the generality of the conclusion that exercise makes people feel better by proposing that (a) occasional findings of negative affective changes tend to be discounted, (b) potentially relevant negative affective states are not always measured, (c) examining changes from pre- to postexercise could miss negative changes during exercise, and (d) analyzing changes only at the level of group aggregates might conceal divergent patterns at the level of individuals or subgroups. Data from a study of 12 men participating in a 90-min walk-run protocol designed to simulate the demands of sports games (e.g., soccer) are used to illustrate these points. 相似文献
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本课题组在对临床实训中心的教学功能进行全面分析、研究的基础上，通过使用标准化病人（SP）的对比研究，认为标准化病人（SP）的优点在于可充当不同角色，不但能提供学生查体，有效地与学生进行沟通，而且作为重要评估者，能客观、公正地对学生学习情况进行评价，大大调动了学生学习的积极性。但由于SP缺乏阳性体征，只能作正常体格检查训练。故将临床实训中心模型与SP二者充分结合起来，从正常到异常，从模型到人体，设计不同案例，真假结合，通过训练培养学生的临床思维能力、判断能力以及掌握操作技巧。 相似文献
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Understanding orbital anatomy is important for optometry students, but the learning resources available are often fragile, expensive, and accessible only during scheduled classes. Drawing on a constructivist, personalized approach to learning, this study investigated students’ perceptions of an alternative learning resource: a three-dimensional (3D) printed model used in an active learning task. A human skull was three-dimensionally scanned and used to produce a 3D printed model for each student. Students actively participated in model creation by tracing suture lines and coloring individual orbital bones during a practical class, then keeping the model for future study. Students’ perceptions of the 3D orbital model were examined through a questionnaire: the impact the model had on their learning; perceptions of the 3D orbit compared to traditional resources; and utility of having their own personalized model. The 3D orbit was well received by the student cohort. Participants (n = 69) preferred the 3D orbit as a resource for learning orbital bone anatomy compared to traditional learning resources, believing the model helped them to understand and visualize the spatial relationships of the bones, and that it increased their confidence to apply this knowledge. Overall, the participants liked that they co-created the model, could touch and feel it, and that they had access to it whenever they liked. Three-dimensional printing technology has the potential to enable the creation of effective learning resources that are robust, low-cost and readily accessible to students, and should be considered by anyone wishing to incorporate personalized resources to their multimodal teaching repertoire. 相似文献
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