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D D Brown W G Mucci R K Hetzler R G Knowlton 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1989,60(3):246-250
T'ai Chi Chuan (TCC) is a widely practiced Chinese martial art said to physically develop balance and coordination as well as enhance emotional and mental health. TCC consists of a series of postures combined into a sequential movement providing a smooth, continuous, low-intensity activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to the Long Form of Yang's style TCC. In addition, the subjects' TCC responses were compared to their ventilatory and cardiovascular responses during cycle ergometry at an oxygen consumption (VO2) equivalent to the mean TCC VO2. Six experienced (M = 8.3 yrs) male TCC practitioners served as subjects with data collected during the Cloud H and movement of the TCC exercise. Significantly (p less than .05) lower responses for ventilatory frequency (Vf) (11.3 and 15.7 breaths.min-1), ventilatory equivalent (VE/VO2) (23.47 and 27.41), and the ratio of dead space ventilation to tidal volume (VD/VT) (20 and 27%) were found in TCC in comparison to cycle ergometry. The percentage of minute ventilation used for alveolar ventilation was significantly higher during TCC (p less than .03) than cycle ergometry, with mean values of 81.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate were not significantly different between TCC exercise and cycle ergometry at the same oxygen consumption. We concluded that, during TCC, expert practitioners show significantly different ventilatory responses leading to more efficient use of the ventilatory volume than would be expected from comparable levels of exertion on a cycle ergometer. 相似文献
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Dale D. Brown W. Gregory Mucci Ronald K. Hetzler Ronald G. Knowlton 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):246-250
Abstract T'ai Chi Chuan (TCC) is a widely practiced Chinese martial art said to physically develop balance and coordination as well as enhance emotional and mental health. TCC consists of a series of postures combined into a sequential movement providing a smooth, continuous, low-intensity activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the ventilatory and cardiovascular responses to the Long Form of Yang's style TCC. In addition, the subjects' TCC responses were compared to their ventilatory and cardiovascular responses during cycle ergometry at an oxygen consumption (VO2) equivalent to the mean TCC VO2 Six experienced (M = 8.3 yrs) male TCC practitioners served as subjects with data collected during the Cloud Hand movement of the TCC exercise. Significantly (p < .05) lower responses for ventilatory frequency (Vf) (11.3 and 15.7 breaths min?1), ventilatory equivalent (VE!VO2) (23.47 and 27.41), and the ratio of dead space ventilation to tidal volume (VD!VT) (20 and 27%) were found in TCC in comparison to cycle ergometry. The percentage of minute ventilation used for alveolar ventilation was significantly higher during TCC (p < .03) than cycle ergometry, with mean values of 81.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate were not significantly different between TCC exercise and cycle ergometry at the same oxygen consumption. We concluded that, during TCC, expert practitioners show significantly different ventilatory responses leading to more efficient use of the ventilatory volume than would be expected from comparable levels of exertion on a cycle ergometer. 相似文献
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R K Hetzler R G Knowlton D D Brown T A Noakes 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》1989,60(1):77-80
Voluntary control of breathing is taught in Moo Duk Tkow in order to maximize force during striking, kicking, and blocking. Form, a formalized practice routine which incorporates these techniques, is a short predetermined sequence of arm and leg movements performed at high intensity which includes a number of pauses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acid-base and lactate responses to a beginning level form, Ki Cho I. Nine subjects, five black belts and four brown belts, were asked to perform Ki Cho I at competitive intensity. Arterialized finger capillary blood was drawn prior to and immediately after the form for the determination of pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and PCO2 by use of the Siggaard-Anderson Nomogram. Heart rate was obtained by ECG, and lactate was measured by enzymatic assay. Statistically significant differences (p less than .05) were found for all variables. Mean pre and post values (+/- standard deviations) were: pH 7.39 +/- .04 to 7.34 +/- .03; base excess -.3 +/- 1.2 to -2.8 +/- 1.7 mEq/L; bicarbonate 23.7 +/- 1.0 to 21.8 +/- 1.4 mEq/L; PCO2 39.9 +/- 3.9 to 45.1 +/- 5.4 mmHg; lactate 1.51 +/- .71 to 3.23 +/- 1.56 mM; and heart rate 74.9 +/- 12.6 to 132.1 +/- 17.0 bpm. The mean form time was 17.2 +/- 1.8 s. It was concluded that respiratory compensation does not occur and that respiratory acidosis may contribute to the metabolic acidosis. 相似文献
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In this study, we developed allometric exponents for scaling Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) power data that are effective in controlling for body mass (BM) and lean body mass (LBM) and established a normative WAnT data set for college-age women. One hundred women completed a standard WAnT Allometric exponents and percentile ranks for peak (PP) and mean power (MP) were established. Allometric exponents were applied to WAnT scores for an independent sample (n=31) to assess external validity. PP and MP were 477.0 W (SD = 80.0) and 372.6 W (SD = 61.5), respectively. Allometrice exponents for PP and MP scaled for BM were b = 0.92 and b = 0.76, respectively, and for LBM they were b = 0.93 and b = 0.91, respectively. In the independent sample, these exponents produced correlations between allometrically scaled PP and MP and BM of r = -.02 and r = .02, respectively. Correlations between allometrically scaled PP and MP and LBM were r = .004 and r = -.02, respectively. The allometric exponents were effective in partialing out the effect of BM for PP and MP and demonstrated acceptable levels of external validity when applied to an independent sample. The allometric exponents and normative values provide a useful tool for comparing WAnT scores in college-age women without the confounding effects of BM or LBM. 相似文献
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The article processing charge (APC) is currently the primary method of funding professionally published open access (OA) peer‐reviewed journals. The pricing principles of 77 OA publishers publishing over 1,000 journals using APCs were studied and classified. The most commonly used pricing method is a single fixed fee, which can either be the same for all of a publisher's journals or individually determined for each journal. Fees are usually only levied for publication of accepted papers, but there are some journals that also charge submission fees. Instead of fixed prices, many publishers charge by the page or have multi‐tiered fees depending on the length of articles. The country of origin of the author can also influence the pricing, in order to facilitate publishing for authors from developing countries. 相似文献
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Fred DERVIN Anu HÄRKÖNEN Mei YUAN Wan ZHANG Ning CHEN 《Frontiers of Education in China》2020,15(4):588
Research on international students’ experiences abroad has tended to rely on models of adjustment, integration and/or acculturation to describe their (mis-)encounters with different kinds of people (e.g., co-nationals, locals and other international students). This paper proposes to use the more fluid concepts of imaginaries and hospitality, leaving behind stages and phases of adaption and acculturation, and focusing on the influence of the Structure on their experiences. Based on a discursive pragmatic analysis of interview data with 20 international students at a top Chinese university, the authors review how the students describe the kind of hospitality experienced at this institution and the influence that it has on their (mis-)encounters. Culturalist, differentialist and essentialist imaginaries (static and fixed views of Chineseness) are often used to justify the lack of encounters and the “segregation” and somewhat “positive discrimination” that they experienced. However, the paper shows that, amongst others, the institutional hospitality management for international students leads to closed contexts of encounters and feelings of exclusion. Although the study serves as a case study and cannot be generalized to the many and varied experiences of international students in other universities in China, some recommendations are made to solve, at least in part, misconceptions about what interculturality and hospitality entail in the internationalization of higher education. 相似文献
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