Community and the Spoken Word: A Seventeenth-Century Case     

Dale J. Schmitt 《Journal of American culture (Malden, Mass. : 2003)》1990,13(2):51-55

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Characterizing the mechanical parameters of forward and backward falls as experienced in snowboarding     

Schmitt KU  Wider D  Michel FI  Brügger O  Gerber H  Denoth J 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2012,11(1):57-72

Wrist injuries are frequently observed after falls in snowboarding. In this study, laboratory experiments mimicking forward and backward falls were analysed. In six different falling scenarios, participants self-initiated falls from a static initial position. Eighteen volunteers conducted a total of 741 trials. Measurements were taken for basic parameters describing the kinematics as well as the biomechanical loading during impact, such as impact force, impact acceleration, and velocity. The effective mass affecting the wrist in a fall also was determined. The elbow angle at impact showed a more extended arm in backward falls compared to forward falls, whereas the wrist angle at impact remained similar in forward and backward falls. The study results suggest a new performance standard for wrist guards, indicating the following parameters to characterize an impact: an effective mass acting on one wrist of 3-5 kg, an impact angle of 75 degrees of the forearm relative to the ground, and an impact velocity of 3 m/s.  相似文献   

II. Method Overview     

Daniel R. Anderson  Aletha C. Huston  Kelly L. Schmitt  Deborah L. Linebarger  & John C. Wright 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2001,66(1):10-24

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Early childhood television viewing and adolescent behavior: the recontact study   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Anderson DR  Huston AC  Schmitt KL  Linebarger DL  Wright JC 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2001,66(1):I-VIII, 1-147

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Effects of kindergarten retention for at-risk children’s psychosocial development     

Machteld Vandecandelaere  Eric Schmitt  Gudrun Vanlaar  Bieke De Fraine  Jan Van Damme 《教育心理学》2016,36(8):1354-1389

Kindergarten retention is a popular practice for children who are considered unready for primary school. However, past research has not yet succeeded to find consistent, strong empirical evidence supporting the practice. In the current study, kindergarten repeaters’ development in nine psychosocial domains is compared with that of equally at risk but (1) continuously promoted age-mates and (2) promoted age-mates who repeated first grade instead. Analysing data from a large-scale longitudinal study using propensity score matching and multilevel modelling, the findings reveal no harm of kindergarten retention for at-risk children’s long term psychosocial development. Rather, we find that, relative to equally at-risk but continuously promoted children, kindergarten repeaters benefit from retention with respect to higher levels of well-being, and peer relations, and lower levels of hyperactivity, aggression and asocial behaviour. Compared to similar children who were promoted but who were retained in first grade instead, kindergarten repeaters are found to benefit more from retention with respect to higher levels of well-being, self-confidence, attitude to work and independent behaviour, and lower levels of hyperactivity.  相似文献   

Innerfamiliale Beziehungen und Bildungserfolg     

Monja Schmitt M.A. 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2009,12(4):715-732

According to Coleman, social capital lies in the social relations between parents and children and constitutes a child’s social background in addition to the family’s human capital and economic resources. In this perspective, Coleman emphasizes the importance of social relations as an independent third factor for the acquirement of human capital. Considering the early selection into the different types of secondary education in the German educational system after fourth grade, not only effects of social relations at this decisive point in time are investigated, but also changes across time towards this transition. Therefore, using longitudinal data is of special advantage in this field of research, which is dominated by cross-sectional analyses. Applying multinomial logistic regression it is shown that structural aspects as well as process-related aspects of the parent-child-relation have a significant effect on academic achievement. Under this perspective indicators for school-related parent-child interaction are as important as everyday interaction. Additionally, positive change of school-related parent-child interactions affects academic achievement.  相似文献   

A comparison of behavioral and constructivist interventions for increasing math‐fact fluency in a second‐grade classroom     

Brian C. Poncy  Elizabeth McCallum  Ara J. Schmitt 《Psychology in the schools》2010,47(9):917-930

Although basic math skill deficits are commonly encountered across elementary and secondary school students, few empirically validated, group‐administered interventions are available for educators attempting to prevent or remedy such problems. This study compared the effectiveness of two theoretically distinct interventions for improving the subtraction‐fact fluency of a general education class of second‐grade students. An alternating treatments design was used to compare a behavioral intervention, Cover, Copy, and Compare (CCC), to an intervention from a constructivist‐oriented resource, Facts That Last (FTL). Results demonstrated that CCC led to increases in math‐fact fluency, whereas the classwide response to FTL activities did not differ from the control condition. Two months postintervention, maintenance data revealed that the fluency increases associated with CCC were sustained. Discussion focuses on practical implications of the study as well as possible theoretical explanations for the documented results. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   

Second and fourth graders' copying ability: from graphical to linguistic processing     

Joachim Grabowski  Christian Weinzierl  Markus Schmitt 《Journal of Research in Reading》2010,33(1):39-53

Particularly in primary school, good performance on copy tasks is an important working technique. With respect to writing skills, copying is a very basic process on which more complex writing abilities are based. We studied the copying ability of second and fourth graders across four types of symbols which vary with respect to their semantic and phonological characteristics: arbitrary graphical objects, unpronounceable consonant strings, numerals and meaningful text. Results show, in terms of average copying speed, significant effects of both factors: fourth graders performed generally faster than second graders, and for both class levels, the number of copied characters per time decreased from meaningful text to graphical objects, all pair-wise contrasts between symbol types being statistically significant. Moreover, a significant interaction shows that fourth graders improved more when copying symbols that form pronounceable chunks, namely meaningful text and numerical strings. This indicates an increasing role of phonological (and probably also semantic) processes involved in copying across primary school.  相似文献   

Biomechanical loading of the hip during side jumps by soccer goalkeepers     

Kai-Uwe Schmitt  Maja Schlittler  Peter Boesiger 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(1):53-59

Abstract

There is a risk of hip injury in dives to the side by soccer goalkeepers. In this study, we assessed hip loading in goalkeepers when performing such dives. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting using an in-ground force plate as well as on a grass surface when the athletes were equipped with force sensors. The forces acting on the hip were measured and high-speed video analysis was performed, allowing the investigation of the dive characteristics and techniques. The peak force values recorded in the laboratory setting ranged from 3 to 8 kN, which corresponded to 4.2–8.6 times body weight. The vertical impact velocities reached 3.25 m · s^?1. In the field experiments, a hip loading of 87–183 N · cm^?2 was determined. We found that goalkeepers who perform a rolling motion reduce their hip loading. The data provided by this study add to the biomechanics database and contribute to the establishment of injury criteria. Such information is necessary to develop and implement strategies to help prevent hip injuries.  相似文献   

Hip adductor activations during run-to-cut manoeuvres in compression shorts: implications for return to sport after groin injury     

Ajit M.W. Chaudhari  Steven T. Jamison  Michael P. McNally  Xueliang Pan  Laura C. Schmitt 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(14):1333-1340

Abstract

Athletes at high risk of groin strains in sports such as hockey and soccer often choose to wear shorts with directional compression to aid in prevention of or recovery from hip adductor strains. Large, eccentric contractions are known to result in or exacerbate strain injuries, but it is unknown if these shorts have a beneficial effect on hip adductor muscle activity. In this study, surface electromyography (EMG) of the adductor longus and ground reaction force (GRF) data were obtained simultaneously on 29 healthy individuals without previous history of serious injury while performing unanticipated 45° run-to-cut manoeuvres in a laboratory setting wearing shorts with non-directional compression (control, HeatGear, Under Armour, USA) or shorts with directional compression (directional, CoreShort PRO, Under Armour, USA), in random order. Average adductor activity in the stance leg was significantly lower in the directional condition than in the control condition during all parts of stance phase (all P < 0.042). From this preliminary analysis, wearing directional compression shorts appears to be associated with reduced stance limb hip adductor activity. Athletes seeking to reduce demand on the hip adductors as they approach full return to activities may benefit from the use of directional compression shorts.  相似文献