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Kawamoto R Miyagi O Ohashi J Fukashiro S 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2007,6(2):187-198
The aim of this study was to identify critical kinetic variables that lead to increased ball velocity during a side-foot passing kick in soccer. Seven experienced male soccer players and eight inexperienced players participated in the experiment. They were instructed to perform side-foot kicks along the ground with maximum effort with an eye on the target line. The joint angles, angular velocities, and torques of the kicking leg were determined based on the three-dimensional kinematic data. The mean ball speed of the experienced group (21.4 +/- 1.5 m/s) was significantly faster than that of the inexperienced group (16.0 +/- 1.0m/s; P < 0.001). The motions of the inexperienced players tended to be less dynamic than those of the experienced players. The most noticeable difference in the kinetics of the kick was found in the hip flexion torque throughout the back-swing phase until the leg-cocking phase. The mean peak value of the experienced group (168 +/- 20 N x or m) was significantly greater than that of the inexperienced group (94 +/- 17 N x or m; P < 0.001). To increase ball speed during a side-foot passing kick, the generation of hip-flexion torque during the earlier stage of kicking is critical. 相似文献
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Tsuyoshi Takeda Osamu Itoi Hideki Takagi Shozo Tsubakimoto 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(7):635-641
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to clarify factors to perform the hole-entry technique in the backstroke start. A total of 16 well-trained Japanese competitive swimmers were divided into two groups (backstroke specialists and non-specialists) to compare their backstroke start motions. Their backstroke motions were videotaped, and two-dimensional co-ordinates for the swimmers were obtained from the video images using direct linear transformation methods. A non-paired t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to analyse the statistical difference of the kinematic variables between the groups. Backstroke specialists showed a significantly shorter 5 m time (P = 0.009, effect size = –1.54), a significantly higher position of the toe (P = 0.010, effect size = 1.47) at signal and of the hip at toe-off (P = 0.002, effect size = 1.94), a significantly larger hip joint angle at toe-off (P = 0.007, effect size = 1.60) and a significantly higher angular velocities of the hip joints (45–85%; P < 0.05) for the normalised time as compared to that of non-specialists. An earlier initiation of the extension and the maintenance of a higher extension speed at the hip joints were important factors in achieving an arched-back posture, which facilitated and water entrance with a small entry range. 相似文献
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Conclusion The second phase of education for a sustainable future (the widespread reorientation of educational practices, systems and
structures) is not yet widespread in the Asia-Pacific region. This is a very large undertaking and one that the economically
wealthy regions of the world have yet to make. Therefore it is not surprising that one of the world's economically poorer
regions has yet to enact such reforms. However, there is sufficient leadership in the region (in the form of international
and regional agencies and active NGOs) to indicate that if Member States can be convinced that a whole-of-government approach
to sustainable development is desirable, the teacher educators, curriculum development officials and teachers of the region
will have the requisite support to make the necessary reforms.
Original language: English
John Fien (Australia) Director of the Centre for Innovation and Research in Environmental Education, Griffith University. Teaching and research
interests focus on the reorientation of education towards sustainability in the formal school sector, teacher education and
community education. He is the author ofEnvironmental education: a pathway to sustainability and education for the environment andCritical curriculum theorising and environmental education. Editor of several UNESCO project publications, includingTeaching for a sustainable world (1995),Learning for a sustainable environment (1997) andTeaching and learning for a sustainable future (2000).
Osamu Abe (Japan) Professor in Education at Saitama University in Japan and the Project Leader of the Environmental Education Project of the
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. A leading authority on conservation education and a well-known figure in both
the environmental NGO and environmental education movements in Japan.
Bishnu Bhandari (Nepal) Senior Research Fellow in the Environmental Education Project of the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies in Japan.
Former Director of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature's conservation programme in Nepal. With Osamu Abe,
he has convened a series of international conferences on environmental education in the Asia-Pacific region. They have publishedAn overview of environmental education in the Asia and Pacific region (1999) andA regional strategy on environmental education in Asia-Pacific (1999). 相似文献
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The education for sustainable development movement in Japan: a political perspective 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
The Japanese government provided various political opportunities for non‐governmental groups and individuals in Japan to ‘jointly propose’ policy on education and sustainable development at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002. These opportunities resulted in the emergence of the Japanese education for sustainable development (ESD) movement, and the crystallisation of a broader proposal that led to the initiation of the UN Decade of ESD (2005–2014). In this paper, we trace the history of these two outcomes, arguing that the opportunities, developed through the coordination of non‐governmental groups by government, took place within, rather than broadened or confronted, the government’s scope of interests. While the paper illustrates how the government’s continued support was crucial to the development of the ESD movement and the UN Decade, and the movement has met with considerable achievements thus far (via its collective challenges to conventional education in a sustainability context in Japan), we argue that recognition of the political opportunity structures that affect the movement’s further development remains crucial. In particular, we argue for close attention to the significance of a corporatist framing of this emerging civil society movement in Japan by the national government, and call for further political and historical analysis of ESD movements and their relations with government, around the world. 相似文献
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Dielectrophoretic cell trapping and parallel one-to-one fusion based on field constriction created by a micro-orifice array 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Murat Gel Yuji Kimura Osamu Kurosawa Hidehiro Oana Hidetoshi Kotera Masao Washizu 《Biomicrofluidics》2010,4(2)
Micro-orifice based cell fusion assures high-yield fusion without compromising the cell viability. This paper examines feasibility of a dielectrophoresis (DEP) assisted cell trapping method for parallel fusion with a micro-orifice array. The goal is to create viable fusants for studying postfusion cell behavior. We fabricated a microfluidic chip that contained a chamber and partition. The partition divided the chamber into two compartments and it had a number of embedded micro-orifices. The voltage applied to the electrodes located at each compartment generated an electric field distribution concentrating in micro-orifices. Cells introduced into each compartment moved toward the micro-orifice array by manipulation of hydrostatic pressure. DEP assisted trapping was used to keep the cells in micro-orifice and to establish cell to cell contact through orifice. By applying a pulse, cell fusion was initiated to form a neck between cells. The neck passing through the orifice resulted in immobilization of the fused cell pair at micro-orifice. After washing away the unfused cells, the chip was loaded to a microscope with stage top incubator for time lapse imaging of the selected fusants. The viable fusants were successfully generated by fusion of mouse fibroblast cells (L929). Time lapse observation of the fusants showed that fused cell pairs escaping from micro-orifice became one tetraploid cell. The generated tetraploid cells divided into three daughter cells. The fusants generated with a smaller micro-orifice (diameter∼2 μm) were kept immobilized at micro-orifice until cell division phase. After observation of two synchronized cell divisions, the fusant divided into four daughter cells. We conclude that the presented method of cell pairing and fusion is suitable for high-yield generation of viable fusants and furthermore, subsequent study of postfusion phenomena. 相似文献
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从法制史的立场来看中华人民共和国刑法——对滋贺秀三《从法制史的立场来看现代中国的刑事立法》的介绍及补论 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
高见泽磨 《华中科技大学学报(社会科学版)》2010,24(3):6-11
滋贺秀三(日)1983年论文指出从1979年刑法中可以看出与律相似之处。滋贺所提观点虽有不足,但除了在1997年刑法取消比照以外,时至今日基本上他的看法是妥当的。不过,关于量刑(滋贺认为因刑法典有量刑制度,故属于近代刑法典)在更紧缩刑的幅度的方向,刑法条文自身以及其后的司法解释所确定的基准等方面,尽管与所谓的律的客观性数值主义的制度迥然不同,但是在制定精确的基准这一点上,可以看到一定的类似性。 相似文献
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