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Gläser Jochen Ash Mitchell Buenstorf Guido Hopf David Hubenschmid Lara Janßen Melike Laudel Grit Schimank Uwe Stoll Marlene Wilholt Torsten Zechlin Lothar Lieb Klaus 《Minerva》2022,60(1):105-138
Minerva - The independence of research is a key strategic issue of modern societies. Dealing with it appropriately poses legal, economic, political, social and cultural problems for society, which... 相似文献
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The past three decades have witnessed a sharp reduction in the rate of growth of public research funding, and sometimes an actual decline in its level. In many countries, this decline has been accompanied by substantial changes in the ways that such funding has been allocated and monitored. In addition, the institutions governing how research is directed and conducted underwent significant reforms. In this paper we examine how these changes have affected scientists’ research goals and practices by comparing the development of three scientific innovations (one each in physics, biology, and educational research) in four European countries, namely Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Sweden. We find that the increased number of actors exercising authority over research goals does not necessarily lead to a greater diversity of interests funding research. A narrowing of goals and frameworks is especially probable when the increasing importance of external project funding is combined with reductions in state financing of universities and public research institutes. Finally, the growing standardisation of project cycle times and resource packages across funding agencies and scientific communities make it more difficult for researchers to pursue projects that deviate from these norms, especially, if they challenge mainstream beliefs and assessment criteria. 相似文献
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The aim of this paper is to initiate a discussion about links between epistemic properties and institutional conditions for research by providing an exploratory analysis of such links featured by projects funded by the European Research Council (ERC). Our analysis identifies epistemic properties of research processes and links them to necessary and favourable conditions for research, and through these to institutional conditions provided by grants. Our findings enable the conclusion that there is research that is important for the progress of a field but is difficult to fund with common project grants. The predominance and standardisation of grant funding, which can be observed about many European countries, appears to reduce the chances of unconventional projects across all disciplines. Funding programmes of the ‘ERC-type’ (featuring large and flexible budgets, long time horizons, and risk-tolerant selection processes) constitute an institutional innovation because they enable such research. However, while the ERC funding and other new funding schemes for exceptional research attempt to cover these requirements, they are unlikely to suffice. 相似文献
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Grit Laudel 《Minerva》2017,55(3):341-369
Early career researchers are faced with the expectation of their scientific communities to conduct independent research, which is reflected in the development of independent new research lines. This change must take place under conditions that vary between national career systems. Case studies for a chair system (Germany) and two tenure systems, one with strong hierarchies (the Netherlands) and one with flat hierarchies (Australia) were conducted. The career conditions created by universities and funding agencies during this transition phase towards independence are systematically compared for two fields, molecular biology and history. Despite their different structures functional equivalents lead to similar outcomes: Only a small group of the potential elite had sufficient ‘protected space’ to start new research lines without delay. The majority of early career researchers encountered limitations of their ‘protected space.’ Differences between the systems occurred due to the increasing importance of the external funding system for the creation of ‘protected space’: researchers were better off in a rich funding landscape with higher grant success rates. 相似文献
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Grit Laudel 《Higher Education》2006,52(3):375-403
Research funding has been undergoing a shift from recurrent, stable funding to competitive funding of projects. The system
rests on the assumption that the best proposals or the best researchers receive the resources, i.e., that quality is not only
necessary but also sufficient to win a grant. A comparative study of the conditions of fund acquisition was conducted to test
this assumption. Qualitative interviews with 45 German and 21 Australian Experimental physicists were conducted. Although
the quality of a proposal and the reputation of a researcher are important prerequisites for a successful acquisition of funds,
the success of a funding proposal depends on several factors that are not linked to quality and cannot even be controlled
by scientists. Scientists used adaptation strategies and universities applied institutional measures to increase their chances
of external funding, but with limited success. Under the described conditions, grant acquisition is based on a Matthew Effect
by rewarding the richly funded researchers and hindering entry or continuous funding for others. For these reasons it must
also be doubted that external funding per se is a useful performance indicator. 相似文献
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While the studies of Early Career Researchers (ECRs) have contributed politically important insights into factors hindering ECRs, they have not yet achieved a theoretical understanding of the causal mechanisms that are at work in the transition from dependent to independent research. This paper positions the early career phase in a theoretical framework that combines approaches from the sociology of science and organisational sociology and emphasises the transitional process. In this framework, the early career phase is considered as containing a status passage from the apprentice to the colleague state of their career in their scientific communities. In order to capture the mechanisms underlying this transition, it is important to analyse the interactions of these careers as they unfold over time. The usefulness of this approach is demonstrated with a pilot study of Australian ECRs. We show (a) that misalignments of the three careers stretch the transition phase; (b) that the two major factors affecting the transition are a successful PhD and a research-intensive phase prior to normal academic employment; and (c) that the most important condition hindering the transition is the lack of time for research. It can be concluded that as a result of a ‘market failure’ of the university system, the transition from dependent to independent research is currently being relocated to a phase between the PhD and the first academic position. 相似文献
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