On the Shapley value and its application to the Italian VQR research assessment exercise     

Camil Demetrescu  Francesco Lupia  Angelo Mendicelli  Andrea Ribichini  Francesco Scarcello  Marco Schaerf 《Journal of Informetrics》2019,13(1):87-104

Research assessment exercises have now become common evaluation tools in a number of countries. These exercises have the goal of guiding merit-based public funds allocation, stimulating improvement of research productivity through competition and assessing the impact of adopted research support policies. One case in point is Italy's most recent research assessment effort, VQR 2011–2014 (Research Quality Evaluation), which, in addition to research institutions, also evaluated university departments, and individuals in some cases (i.e., recently hired research staff and members of PhD committees). However, the way an institution's score was divided, according to VQR rules, between its constituent departments or its staff members does not enjoy many desirable properties well known from coalitional game theory (e.g., budget balance, fairness, marginality). We propose, instead, an alternative score division rule that is based on the notion of Shapley value, a well known solution concept in coalitional game theory, which enjoys the desirable properties mentioned above. For a significant test case (namely, Sapienza University of Rome, the largest university in Italy), we present a detailed comparison of the scores obtained, for substructures and individuals, by applying the official VQR rules, with those resulting from Shapley value computations. We show that there are significant differences in the resulting scores, making room for improvements in the allocation rules used in research assessment exercises.  相似文献   

Predicting the use of single versus multiple types of violence towards children in a representative sample of Quebec families     

Clément ME  Bouchard C 《Child abuse & neglect》2005,29(10):1121-1139

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine which factors best predict parental use of single versus multiple types of violence. METHODOLOGY: The study uses data from a Quebec telephone survey conducted with a representative sample of 2,469 mothers of children aged 0-17 years. The interview covered topics such as mother's attitudes and reports of violence towards children, mother's experiences of childhood violence, level of marital discord, and socioeconomic factors. A discriminant function analysis was performed using individual and family factors to predict membership in five distinct groups: (a) no violence reported; (b) reports of psychological aggression only; (c) reports of minor physical violence only; (d) reports of psychological aggression and minor physical violence; and (e) reports of psychological aggression, minor and severe physical violence. RESULTS: One-way ANOVAs revealed that the groups differed significantly on factors such as child's age and gender, mother's attitudes, mother's experiences of childhood violence, level of marital discord, and number of children in the household. Discriminant function analysis revealed that the groups differed in two ways. The first function maximally separated the report of psychological aggression from minor physical violence only. The second function discriminated between the combined reports of all three types of violence versus the reports of minor physical violence only. Mother's attitudes and experiences of childhood violence were the two factors that best distinguished among groups and best predicted group membership. CONCLUSION: These results offer new insights for the prediction of mother's reports of one type versus multiple types of violence and highlight the importance of distinguishing between types and combinations of family violence in future research.  相似文献