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Community and school violence continue to be a major public health problem, especially among urban children and adolescents.
Little research has focused on the effect of school safety and neighborhood violence on academic performance. This study examines
the effect of the school and neighborhood climate on academic achievement among a population of 3rd–5th grade students in
an urban public school system. Community and school safety were assessed using the School Climate Survey, an annual City-wide
assessment of student’s perception of school and community safety. Community violence was measured using the Neighborhood
Inventory for Environmental Typology, an objective observational assessment of neighborhood characteristics. Academic achievement
was measured using the Maryland State Assessment (MSA), a standardized exam given to all Maryland 3rd–8th graders. School
Climate Data and MSA data were aggregated by school and grade. Objective assessments of neighborhood environment and students’
self-reported school and neighborhood safety were both strongly associated with academic performance. Increasing neighborhood
violence was associated with statistically significant decreases from 4.2 to 8.7% in math and reading achievement; increasing
perceived safety was associated with significant increases in achievement from 16 to 22%. These preliminary findings highlight
the adverse impact of perceived safety and community violence exposure on primary school children’s academic performance. 相似文献
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Nichols FH 《The Journal of perinatal education》2007,16(1):6-8
The purpose of this article is to honor Dr. Sharron S. Humenick, a long-time advocate of normal childbirth and Lamaze International, for her many accomplishments, her vigorous commitment to promoting the benefits of normal birth, and her passionate and diligent efforts in encouraging ongoing, evidence-based research that underscores the importance of a satisfying, normal-birth experience for women and their families. Dr. Humenick was a trailblazer in life and also became an exceptional guide in demonstrating how to cope with a terminal illness and dying. Through her numerous colleagues and friends in the United States and other countries, Dr. Humenick's legacy will live on in worldwide efforts to improve the childbirth experience for women and their families. 相似文献
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“高技术”一词是10多年以前产生的。它随着微电子技术和生物技术等新兴技术的发展而出现在社会科学字典上。这一词被熊彼特广泛应用于社会科学领域,尤其是在他的代表作《商品循环》中。当代熊彼特主义者认为,高技术主要表现在以下几方面:1.技术发展的起因是人们大胆尝试与创新的欲望,是人们为得到更高的利润而冒险采取一系列改革的行动;是一次次创新意识的进发,而不是因循守旧;2.技术的发展在性质上不是延续的,当今新兴的高技术与以往的技术形式根本不同;3.在科技发展的过程中,先有某些部门的一系列改革。然后由许多改革者推广新技术,使新技术认可,成为能获取利润的专利;4.技术的发展是一个“连续的不断的创造性的自毁”的过程。在这个过程中;主导部门的革新迫使其他生产部门逐渐过时,并使它们的生产下降;5.这种创造性的自毁也促使旧的社会制度趋于瓦解。 相似文献
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