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In order to determine the role of time limits on both test performance and test validity, we asked approximately 300 volunteers–prospective graduate students–to each write two essays–one in a 40-minute time period and the other in 60 minutes. Analyses revealed that, on average, test performance was significantly better when examinees were given 60 minutes instead of 40. However, there was no interaction between test-taking style (fast vs. slow) and time limits. 'That is', examinees who described themselves as slow writers/test takers did not benefit any more (or any less) from generous time limits than did their quicker counterparts. In addition, there was no detectable effect of different time limits on the meaning of essay scores, as suggested by their relationship to several nontest indicators of writing ability. 相似文献
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D L Best J E Williams J M Cloud S W Davis L S Robertson J R Edwards H Giles J Fowles 《Child development》1977,48(4):1375-1384
The Sex Stereotype Measure II (SSM II), a 32-item revision of the Williams, Bennett, and Best Sex Stereotype Measure, was developed to assess children's knowledge of conventional, sex-trait stereotypes defined by American university students. The procedure employed brief stories and human figure silhouettes which were individually administered to 5- and 8-year-old children in the United States, England, and Ireland and group administered to 11-year-olds in the United States. In the United States, knowledge of sex-trait stereotypes was found to develop in a linear fashion between the ages of 5 and 11, with more male traits than female traits being known at each age level. Cross-nationally, there was a high degree of similarity in the nature of the sex stereotypes being learned by the children in the 3 countries, although the rate of learning appeared slower among the Irish children. In all countries there was a clear progression in sex-stereotype learning from age 5 to age 8. English boys had greater knowledge of stereotypes than English girls, but this was not true in Ireland and the United States. Generally, knowledge of male stereotype traits appeared to develop earlier while knowledge of the female traits increased more rapidly between ages 5 and 8. The similarity in sex-stereotype learning in the 3 countries is discussed, and studies in progress in other countries of greater cultural diversity are noted. 相似文献
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Myles W. O’Brien Jarrett A. Johns Jonathon R. Fowles Derek S. Kimmerly 《Measurement in physical education and exercise science》2020,24(2):147-156
ABSTRACTThe activPAL is a widely-used measure of sedentary time but few studies have evaluated its ability to estimate physical activity intensity. This study determined the accuracy of the algorithm used by the activPAL to predict metabolic equivalents (METs) from cadence and a curvilinear cadence-METs equation individualized for height. Thirty-six healthy adults (25 ± 6 years) completed a progressive walking protocol. Stepping cadence was video recorded and METs were determined via indirect calorimetry. Manually-counted cadence was input into the activPAL and curvilinear equations. The internal activPAL equation overpredicted METs at slower cadences (<120 steps/minute) but underpredicted METs at faster cadences (>120 step/minute) (proportional bias, p < .001). Conversely, the curvilinear equation exhibited neither fixed (p = .37) nor proportional bias (p = .07), and a lower absolute MET difference [0.87 ± 0.65 (range:0.0–3.2) vs. 0.56 ± 0.45 (range:0.0–2.7) METs]. The linear activPAL equation poorly estimates METs from stepping cadence but these inaccuracies may be lessened through the use of an individualized curvilinear equation. 相似文献
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Stuart Ewen Wilson Bryan Key Jib Fowles James E. Combs Michael W. Mansfield Walter E. Hurst 《Communication Booknotes Quarterly》2013,44(2):12-14
Stuart Ewen's Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976---$10.00) Wilson Bryan Key's Media Sexploitation (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976---$8.95) Jib Fowles's Mass Advertising as Social Forecast: A Method for Futures Research (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976---$10.95) James E. Combs and Michael W. Mansfield (eds.) Drama in Life: The Uses of Communication in Society (New York: Hastings House, 1976---$18.50/10.50) Walter E. Hurst and Don Rico's How to Be a Music Publisher (Seven Arts Press, 6605 Hollywood Blvd., Hollywood, Calf. 90026---$10.00 paper) 相似文献
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Diana Fowles 《English in Education》2009,43(1):50-67
In a re-marking exercise to investigate the reliability of marking in GCSE English examinations, the Principal Examiners' marks were adopted as 'true' marks for comparison with the actual or 'live' marks that had been awarded by the appointed examiners. A variety of approaches to investigating mark/re-mark reliability collectively led to the conclusion that marking reliability was particularly strong in the Higher tier of the specification that differentiates by outcome. 相似文献
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A rich interdisciplinary literature exists exploring the determinants of state higher education funding policies. However, that work has collectively ignored an important finding from political economy literature: namely, that citizens’ preferences regarding public spending are strongly influenced by the state’s ethnic and racial context. Drawing on a unique panel of state-level data covering the years 1982–2009, we find that states demarcated by increased racial and ethnic diversity and eroding white majorities do tend to spend less on subsidies to public higher education, resulting in decreased state appropriations as well as more tepid support for financial aid programs. Critically, however, we find that the negative effects of increased ethnic and racial fractionalization can be mitigated—and in some circumstances, fully offset—by a high degree of positive social interaction between ethnic and racial groups. These results are discussed within the pragmatic context of continued state emphasis on degree attainment as a mechanism to foster economic growth as well as broader considerations about equality and social justice. 相似文献
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Deane Paul Song Yi van Rijn Peter O’Reilly Tenaha Fowles Mary Bennett Randy Sabatini John Zhang Mo 《Reading and writing》2019,32(6):1575-1606
Reading and Writing - This paper presents a theoretical and empirical case for the value of scenario-based assessment (SBA) in the measurement of students’ written argumentation skills.... 相似文献
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Joshua M. Cowen J.S. Butler Jacob Fowles Megan E. Streams Eugenia F. Toma 《Economics of Education Review》2012
In this paper we analyze teacher attrition from Appalachian school districts over nearly twenty years of data. We employ a unique panel of public K-12 teachers active in Kentucky between 1986 and 2005, and discern several patterns of interest to scholars and policymakers. Inter-district mobility is rare in Kentucky, and rarer still among Appalachian teachers. Few teachers transfer between regions, but teachers are considerably more likely to leave Appalachia than to transfer to it. Our results also indicate that Appalachian teachers are more likely to exit the profession. One implication of this evidence is that improvements to teacher quality in such isolated areas would require a focus on the home labor pool. 相似文献