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Shigeru Nakayama 《Higher Education》1989,18(1):31-48
Japan's universities were established in order to import Western knowledge and ideas to assist in the development of the nation beginning in the mid-19th century. Because it was never colonized and because it has sucessfully developed not only its academic system but also its economy, Japan is a particularly significant case study. Japan's academic development can be seen in two phases. First there was a window shopping period in which many Western models were explored and some partially adopted. Second, there has been an involvement mode in which specific Western models are adopted. This essay follows the development of Japanese higher education through its various phases, including the post World War Two impact of the United States and the growth of a mass university system. The process of internationalization of various foreign influences is examined. 相似文献
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This article examines, from secondary sources, various aspectsof public opinion surveys in Japan. During the 1975 to 1990period, there was an increase in the number of surveys and therewere some similarities and some differences in their topics.The use of the Basic Residents Registers as a sampling framehas increased. The plurality of the surveys drew their samplesfrom a single city. The proportion of mail surveys increased;whereas personal interviews and drop-off self-administered surveysdecreased. Response rates for all major questionnaire administrationmethods decreased. Despite the decline, the median responserate was 75.2 percent during this period. Response rates wereexamined more closely using the rates of the National Life Surveyfor 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. The following trends were noted:(a) response rates of urban areas declined more sharply thanthose of rural areas; (b) overall response rates of males wereabout 10 percentage points lower than those of females; (c)response rates of females in their twenties had the steepestdecline; and (d) refusals almost doubled. Some of the reasonsfor these changes are discussed and it is noted that the decreasingresponse rates probably reflect changes in lifestyles and attitudestowards surveys. 相似文献
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以《黄金率与五重对称》为开端,《物体的形状与黄金率》进一步阐述了现实生活中多边形结构占主要形式的理由（层次结构定理）,如,黄金率出现在许多建筑物和绘画作品中（美学定理）等。本文是前述研究的延续,目的在于揭示关于金字塔和其他神圣建筑物数据方面的许多错误推测。这里我们以同样的思想来诠释关于或者黄金率或者等极其美好的数据的错误推测。研究的成功在于仔细探求了许多金字塔的数据,而不只是研究最大的一个金字塔的数据。前半部分是不关联数,后半部分我们致力于二次域上的黄金分割率．并以一种简单易懂的方式,给出了许多代数数论中的记号和结果。我们认为读者具备（代数）数论的初步知识。有关这方面的详细内容,读者可参阅即将出版的书《数论与代数》。 相似文献
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The research function of universities in Japan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Japan has long led the trend towards privatization of Research andDevelopment (R&D). With the recent establishment of corporate R&Dfacilities overseas, this has become more international in character. Therelative impoverishment of Japanese academic science has only recently begunto be addressed by the government. Despite the neglect, there appears to bea gradual increase in Japanese academic research, but international researchcollaborations are still quite limited in number. There are growing tieswith industry, but industry has been slow to recognize the value of graduateschool training. Stronger links may promote greater research activity, butwithout reforms to the structure of the education system and Ministry ofEducation policies, Japan will not be prepared to meet the challenge of the21st century, and the need for a highly-skilled, innovative workforce. 相似文献
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Shigeru Watanabe 《Learning & behavior》1997,25(2):185-192
Pigeons were trained on two visual discrimination tasks. One task was discrimination between real objects and their photographs. Training stimuli consisted of real food (grains), photographs of food, and nonedible junk objects and their photographs. The other task was discrimination between food and nonfood using the same stimuli as those in the first task. The pigeons learned either task and showed generalization of these classifications to novel stimuli. These results suggest that pigeons can either discriminate or integrate real stimuli and their photographs. Bilateral ectostriatal lesions caused deficits in food versus nonfood discrimination, but not in object versus picture discrimination. This dissociation suggests different brain mechanisms between the two visual discriminations using the same stimuli. 相似文献
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Shigeru Watanabe 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(2):147-152
Pigeons did not show generalization gradients along a distortion level after single stimulus training with dot patterns produced on a computer-controlled CRT. After discrimination training between a triangle made of six dots versus patterns made up of six random dots, the birds showed orderly generalization gradients as function of degree of distortion of the original triangle. When they were trained with distorted exemplars of the prototype triangle, they responded more often to triangles at this level of distortion than to the prototype triangle. This observation suggests a lack of abstraction of the prototype from its distorted samples. Such failure of prototype learning was also obtained after training with a different S? (a square made up of six dots) or with a different S+ (horizontally arranged dots). 相似文献
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The effective numerical method proposed by Shimamuraet al. (2007) is extended to predict the ball motion in a draw shot as well as a follow shot in billiards. The extended method is
verified experimentally using a high speed camera. It is observed in the experiment that a ball rotates backwards with a lot
of slip (between ball and table) at first and then rotates forwards in a draw shot. Such a ball motion is predicted quantitatively
with the numerical method. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate the effects of material properties of a cue
on ball behaviour in follow and draw shots and it is found that the impact force increases with increasing stiffness of the
shaft in both follow and draw shots, while its duration time is shortened with increasing wave velocity in the shaft for both
shots. It is also found that there is a certain shaft stiffness that gives the minimum ball centre velocity, the minimum angular
velocity, the minimum slip velocity between ball and table and also the minimum time when the backward rotation changes to
a forward one in a draw shot, while the ball centre velocity and the angular velocity increase with increasing shaft stiffness
in a follow shot. 相似文献
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