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In this article we introduce digital control and contrast it with analog control. Traditionally, control systems have been designed using analog techniques. But today, because of the explosive growth of digital technology, controllers are typically implemented as programmable digital hardware or as programs on digital computers. The concepts and techniques for analysis and design of digital controllers are the central concerns of this article. In this part we introduce discrete-time signals and provide examples. We also describe discrete-time systems in terms of difference equations and look at their solutions via transform methods. 相似文献
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In this part we analyze the discrete-time systems and suggest some intuitive design procedures. We survey the state-of-the-art
digital control systems. 相似文献
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Alocholism is the multifactorial disease influenced by genetic environmental interaction and genetic variation of the genes
may be associated with alcohol dependence due to its modified function in behavioral and physiological responses. In the present
study, genetic variation was detected in the subtypes of gene, coding for the alcohol metabolizing enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase
2 (ADH2). Blood samples were collected from the alcoholic and non alcoholic subjects and genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP
(Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), analysis to determine genetic polymorphisms in the ADH2
gene subtypes. The three subtypes of ADH2 gene (ADH2.1, ADH2.2 and ADH2.3) were found in both alcoholics (Family History Positive
and Family History Negative) as well as non alcoholics. 相似文献
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L.A. Gray R.P. Devadas O. Vijayalakshmi G. Kamalanathan 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1999,21(3):207-219
The purpose of the study was to determine the attitudes of Hindu students from a government women's college of South India toward people with AIDS, to assess their beliefs about HIV/AIDS, to determine their knowledge level about HIV/AIDS and to determine how they gain information about HIV/AIDS. The sample consisted of four hundred female students at a government funded Women's University in Southern India who participated in an AIDS survey research project. Participants completed a survey asking about their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about HIV/AIDS. Results indicated that a majority of the participants learned about HIV/AIDS from reading material while some learned about HIV/AIDS from school classes, and only a few learned from family members. Thirty-nine percent had never communicated to any one about HIV/AIDS. The results indicated that the majority of Indian women in this study did not know about explicit sexual behaviors which transmit the virus. The study also showed that those Indian women university students, by and large, are accepting of people with AIDS but still have fears of getting HIV/AIDS. This data suggest a need to increase educational efforts at the university. It was suggested that counselors take responsibility for helping this population of Indian women become self advocates, particularly in a society which permits men to have multiple sexual relationships. Educators and counselors working with this population must initiate programs that impart accurate and specific knowledge to these female college students and begin to address the multiple psychosocial issues related to HIV/AIDS. 相似文献
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David Lorenzi Jaideep Vaidya Soon Chun Basit Shafiq Vijayalakshmi Atluri 《Government Information Quarterly》2014
Digital government is universally gaining acceptance as the public becomes more technologically advanced. It is critical for the government to embrace new technology for minimizing costs and maximizing utility of services to the taxpayers. While administrative services have been easily ported to the digital world, there are still many important citizen-centric services that have not yet been effectively migrated. Quick Response codes (QR codes) provide a means to effectively distribute many different varieties of information to the public. We propose to integrate QR code systems and corresponding smartphone applications into existing government services with the goal of providing a new level of interactivity for the public. We illustrate this through two case studies, examining the National Park Services and the Mobile Environmental Information Services (MENVIS). The focus is on developing a QR code waypoint system for park navigation, as well as incentivizing park use through gamification of site attractions. The system provides increased safety for park goers, disseminates information more effectively and accurately, and improves feedback. 相似文献
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Nihal G. Maremanda Kislay Roy Rupinder K. Kanwar Vidyarani Shyamsundar Vijayalakshmi Ramshankar Arvind Krishnamurthy Subramanian Krishnakumar Jagat R. Kanwar 《Biomicrofluidics》2015,9(5)
The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in disease diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of the therapeutic efficacy, and clinical decision making is immense and has attracted tremendous focus in the last decade. We designed and fabricated simple, flat channel microfluidic devices polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS based) functionalized with locked nucleic acid (LNA) modified aptamers (targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and nucleolin expression) for quick and efficient capture of CTCs and cancer cells. With optimized flow rates (10 μl/min), it was revealed that the aptamer modified devices offered reusability for up to six times while retaining optimal capture efficiency (>90%) and specificity. High capture sensitivity (92%) and specificity (100%) was observed in whole blood samples spiked with Caco-2 cells (10–100 cells/ml). Analysis of blood samples obtained from 25 head and neck cancer patients on the EpCAM LNA aptamer functionalized chip revealed that an average count of 5 ± 3 CTCs/ml of blood were captured from 22/25 samples (88%). EpCAM intracellular domain (EpICD) immunohistochemistry on 9 oral squamous cell carcinomas showed the EpICD positivity in the tumor cells, confirming the EpCAM expression in CTCs from head and neck cancers. These microfluidic devices also maintained viability for in vitro culture and characterization. Use of LNA modified aptamers provided added benefits in terms of cost effectiveness due to increased reusability and sustainability of the devices. Our results present a robust, quick, and efficient CTC capture platform with the use of simple PDMS based devices that are easy to fabricate at low cost and have an immense potential in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic planning. 相似文献
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