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Are preservice teachers prepared to teach struggling readers? 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Reading disabilities such as dyslexia, a specific learning disability that affects an individual’s ability to process written
language, are estimated to affect 15–20% of the general population. Consequently, elementary school teachers encounter students
who struggle with inaccurate or slow reading, poor spelling, poor writing, and other language processing difficulties. However,
recent evidence may suggest that teacher preparation programs are not providing preservice teachers with information about
basic language constructs and other components related to scientifically based reading instruction. As a consequence preservice
teachers have not exhibited explicit knowledge of such concepts in previous studies. Few studies have sought to assess preservice
teachers’ knowledge about dyslexia in conjunction with knowledge of basic language concepts. The purpose of the present study
was to examine elementary school preservice teachers’ knowledge of basic language constructs and their perceptions and knowledge
about dyslexia. Findings from the present study suggest that preservice teachers, on average, are able to display implicit
skills related to certain basic language constructs (i.e., syllable counting), but fail to demonstrate explicit knowledge
of others (i.e., phonics principles). Also, preservice teachers seem to hold the common misconception that dyslexia is a visual
perception deficit rather than a problem with phonological processing. Implications for future research as well as teacher
preparation are discussed. 相似文献
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Emily Binks-Cantrell Erin K. Washburn Martha Hougen 《Scientific Studies of Reading》2013,17(6):526-536
The Peter Effect (Applegate & Applegate, 2004) claimed that one cannot be expected to give what one does not possess. We applied this notion to reading teacher preparation and hypothesized that teacher educators who do not possess an understanding of basic language constructs would not prepare teacher candidates with an understanding of these constructs considered essential for early reading success. Results from a survey of basic language constructs revealed similar patterns in performance between teacher educators and their respective teacher candidates, which served as initial validation of the Peter Effect in reading teacher preparation. 相似文献
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Kristin French Michael J. Beran Kimberly Andrews Espy David A. Washburn 《Learning & behavior》2018,46(3):281-293
Executive functions (EF) have been studied extensively in children and adults. However, EF tasks for young children can be difficult to administer and interpret. Espy (1997, Developmental Neuropsychology, 13, 495–499) designed the Shape School task to measure inhibition and switching in preschool-aged children. Shape School presents cartoon-like characters that children must flexibly name by their color, their shape, or both, depending on cues that indicate the appropriate rule. Shape School has been found to be age sensitive as well as predictive of performance on other EF tasks. We presented a computerized analogue of Shape School to seven rhesus macaques. Monkeys were trained to categorize characters by color or shape, or to inhibit this response, depending on whether the characters had eyes open, eyes closed, or wore hats. Monkeys performed above chance on the inhibition and switching components of the task. Long runs of a single classification rule and long runs of noninhibition trials had no significant impact on performance when the rule changed or inhibition was required. This nonverbal adaptation of Shape School can measure EF in nonhuman animals and could be used in conjunction with other EF tasks to provide a clearer picture of both human and nonhuman executive functions. 相似文献
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This article defines the problem of teaching foreign students in standard American university composition courses. It describes how two composition courses were modified to meet the needs of students who were beyond English as a Second Language composition but not yet ready for mainstream study. The article suggests that adaptations, not only in technique, but in approach and content as well, are required in order to fulfill the needs of these special students.Sally L. Chirinos, M.A. was the Academic Director of the EFL Program at the Instituto Cultural Peruano-Norteamericano, Arequipa, Peru from 1977–78. Suellen Rundquist is a M.A. candidate in Foreign Language Education and English as a Second Language at the University of Minnesota. Lisa Washburn holds a M.A. in English as a Second Language and a M.A. Germanic Philology from the University of Minnesota. 相似文献
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Richard A. Washburn Margaret J. Safrit 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2013,84(3):267-270
Abstract The aim of this study was to establish the net energy cost of dribbling a soccer ball. Eight male footballers ran for 5 min on a treadmill at speeds of 9, 10.5, 12 and 13.5km ·h –1 while dribbling a football against a rebound box; running at each of these speeds without the ball constituted controls. Oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O 2 ), perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate levels were measured and compared between the two conditions. The energy expended increased linearly with speed for both exercise modes, the mean increment of 1.24 kcal·min –1 caused by dribbling being independent of the speed of motion. Individual differences in efficiency of dribbling could not be explained by considering different patterns of stride characteristics. Similarly, RPE showed a constant elevation for dribbling over running at each speed, and a linear increase with speed of motion for both modes. Blood lactate increased disproportionately with speed for dribbling, onset of metabolic acidosis being attained at a lower speed for the experimental task. It was concluded that dribbling a ball does significantly increase the energy cost and perceived exertion of motion, as well as inducing disproportionate rises in blood lactate when performed at high speeds. 相似文献
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