Low-intensity electrical muscle stimulation induces significant increases in muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness     

Toshiaki Miyamoto  Hiroyuki Kamada  Akira Tamaki  Toshio Moritani 《European Journal of Sport Science》2016,16(8):1104-1110

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-intensity exercise training using belt electrode skeletal muscle electrical stimulation on muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy subjects. Nineteen healthy subjects were allocated into control or intervention groups; in both groups the participants kept regular physical activity while the intervention group underwent 30 min B-SES training at 3–4 METs for four weeks. Knee extensor muscle strength and cardiorespiratory endurance during incremental exercise test were measured at baseline and after four weeks for all participants. The relative change of knee extensor muscle strength in the intervention group was significantly higher than control group (p?p?相似文献   

Technology and economic growth: He case of Japan     

Merton J. Peck  Akira Goto 《Research Policy》1981,10(3):222-243

This paper provides a general background of the characteristics of the Japanese economy that relate to its use of technology to promote economic growth. We do not consider the common view that Japan just catching up with the technological level of other industrialized countries explains its remarkable rate of post-war economic growth. Rather we argue that the effective importation of technology requires complementary resources of management, skilled labor, capital, and domestic R&D as well as public to facilitate the transfer of technology. Japan has such complementary resources and public policies. The first part of the paper describes the process of technology importation and current concerns in Japan about dependence on imported technology. The second part of the paper describes Japan's domestic R&D effort and its major reliance on private sector R&D, supplemented, however, with government intervention in selected industries. The third part of the paper examines the institutional settings that had the significant impacts on Japan's introduction of new technology. These institutional factors include 1) post-war economic growth and changes in industry structure, 2) the character of competition, 3) the business group and 4) characteristics and organization in the supply of labor.  相似文献   

Behavioral field analysis in two strains of rats in a conditioned defensive burying paradigm     

Akira Tsuda  Yoshishige Ida  Masatoshi Tanaka 《Learning & behavior》1988,16(3):354-358

Two strains of rats (albino Wistar and hooded PVG/c) were exposed to a conditioned defensive burying paradigm that consisted of placing rats in a test chamber with bedding material on the floor, shocking them with a shock prod, and recording the time each rat spent in burying responses toward the prod. Various behaviors other than burying (freezing, grooming/paw licking) were observed by a time-sampling procedure during the control, conditioning, and extinction sessions, each of which was 15 min in duration. Wistar rats generally showed behavioral inhibition, as evidenced by less burying, lower exploratory and ambulatory behavior, and higher freezing behavior. PVG/c rats spent significantly more time engaged in burying and accumulated more bedding material in the conditioning session than did the Wistar rats. No significant differences between the two strains of rats were observed during the extinction session in terms of these measurements. The results indicate that Wistar rats have a greater tendency to freeze when coping with the noxious stimulus in a conditioned defensive burying paradigm, whereas the dominant coping style for PVG/c rats is defensive burying.  相似文献   

A Critical Analysis of Job‐satisfied Teachers in Japan     

Akira Ninomiya  Toshitaka Okato 《比较教育学》1990,26(2-3):249-257

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George E. Walker,Chris M. Golde,Laura Jones,Andrea Conklin Bueschel,Pat Hutchings: The formation of scholars: rethinking doctoral education for the twenty-first century     

Akira Arimoto 《Higher Education》2010,60(1):119-121

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日本江户时期诸藩及个人文库中国烟粉小说的收藏情况     

矶部彰 《上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2010,39(2)

日本江户时代,德山藩、佐伯藩、秋田藩烟粉小说的收藏,与诸藩和个人文库相比呈现着特殊的状况.在德山、佐伯两藩,不仅收藏了中国烟粉小说,而且还有烟粉色彩很浓的中国戏曲,从中显示了以反映毛利元次和毛利高标个人意识为特征的搜集书籍的方针.江户中期白话小说类的搜集情况,似乎与唐话学的流行存在着某种关联.作者以诸藩和个人文库所藏目录为线索,对清代出版较多的以烟粉小说为主的中国白话小说,以及多以爱情内容为中心的戏曲类作品的收藏情况进行了调查,希望能为江户时代日本人与烟粉小说,进而为与中国小说、戏曲关系的研究提供一些资料.  相似文献   

The Japanese education system with special emphasis on higher education     

Ali M. El-Agraa  Akira Ichii 《Higher Education》1985,14(1):1-16

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief analysis of the Japanese educational system and to give a somewhat detailed discussion of Japanese higher education. Its main conclusions are: although the bulk of higher education is catered for privately, the prestige institutions tend to be public ones; the character of the system as a whole seems to reflect Japanese society very clearly indeed since it supports high growth industries, reinforces the traditionally accepted distinction between the sexes, and determines both the structure of wages and salaries in general and its sex variance in particular; and that there are very serious problems currently confronting Japanese educationalists - these relate to the official inspection of textbooks, the emergence of anti-teacher violence within schools and the reduction in the size of the public subsidy to private education.The authors are extremely grateful for helpful comments and suggestions from Margaret B. Sutherland, Professor of Education, University of Leeds and Dr. Penny Francks, specialist on modern Japanese history at the Department of Chinese Studies, University of Leeds. However, the usual disclaimer applies.Ali M. El-Agraa is a Senior Lecturer in Economics, School of Economic Studies, University of Leeds, England and is the Visiting Professor in charge of International Economics and Middle Eastern Studies, Graduate School of International Relations, International University of Japan, Niigata for the period September 1984–August 1985. Akira Ichii is Professor of Economics, University of Chuo in Tokyo and is currently (April 1982–March 1984) a Visiting Fellow in the School of Economic Studies, University of Leeds.  相似文献   

Building research universities in East Asia     

Gerard A. Postiglione  Akira Arimoto 《Higher Education》2015,70(2):151-153

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Thiolene-based microfluidic flow cells for surface plasmon resonance imaging     

Sheppard G  Oseki T  Baba A  Patton D  Kaneko F  Mao L  Locklin J 《Biomicrofluidics》2011,5(2):26501

Thiolene-based microfluidic devices have been coupled with surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) to provide an integrated platform to study interfacial interactions in both aqueous and organic solutions. In this work, we develop a photolithographic method that interfaces commercially available thiolene resin to gold and glass substrates to generate microfluidic channels with excellent adhesion that leave the underlying sensor surface free from contamination and readily available for surface modification through self-assembly. These devices can sustain high flow rates and have excellent solvent compatibility even with several organic solvents. To demonstrate the versatility of these devices, we have conducted nanomolar detection of streptavidin-biotin interactions using in situ SPRI.  相似文献   

Implementation of tetra-poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with high mechanical strength into microfluidic device technology     

Hiroaki Takehara  Akira Nagaoka  Jun Noguchi  Takanori Akagi  Takamasa Sakai  Ung-il Chung  Haruo Kasai  Takanori Ichiki 《Biomicrofluidics》2013,7(5)

Hydrogels have several excellent characteristics suitable for biomedical use such as softness, biological inertness and solute permeability. Hence, integrating hydrogels into microfluidic devices is a promising approach for providing additional functions such as biocompatibility and porosity, to microfluidic devices. However, the poor mechanical strength of hydrogels has severely limited device design and fabrication. A tetra-poly(ethylene glycol) (tetra-PEG) hydrogel synthesized recently has high mechanical strength and is expected to overcome such a limitation. In this research, we have comprehensively studied the implementation of tetra-PEG gel into microfluidic device technology. First, the fabrication of tetra-PEG gel/PDMS hybrid microchannels was established by developing a simple and robust bonding technique. Second, some fundamental features of tetra-PEG gel/PDMS hybrid microchannels, particularly fluid flow and mass transfer, were studied. Finally, to demonstrate the unique application of tetra-PEG-gel-integrated microfluidic devices, the generation of patterned chemical modulation with the maximum concentration gradient: 10% per 20 μm in a hydrogel was performed. The techniques developed in this study are expected to provide fundamental and beneficial methods of developing various microfluidic devices for life science and biomedical applications.  相似文献