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Julian G Elliott Neil Hufton Leonid Illushin Wayne Willis 《Cambridge Journal of Education》2001,31(2):179-204
Comparative studies of attitudes in different countries have resulted in the claim that parents in the USA and England tend to have unrealistically positive views of their children's schools and academic performance. Low expectations, together with a belief in the importance of natural ability, it has been argued, lead to low standards and reduce striving to succeed. The present study builds upon earlier investigations of children's attitudes, beliefs and behaviours in Sunderland, Eastern Kentucky and St Petersburg by surveying parental perspectives. Findings from these three regions reinforce earlier findings about English and American complacency and the more demanding nature of the Russian context. In line with our earlier studies, and contrary to the suggestion of a number of writers, an emphasis upon effort, rather than ability, was a strong feature of the English and American responses, although it is pointed out that such beliefs may not actually result in high work rates. The paper concludes by suggesting that the important role of parents in instilling important attitudes and behaviours in their children is undermined by the current emphasis upon schools as fundamentally responsible for ensuring high levels of achievement. 相似文献
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Leonid Grebennikov 《International Journal of Early Years Education》2006,14(1):35-44
This research examined exposure to classroom noise of 25 full‐time teaching staff in 14 preschool settings located across Western Sydney. The results indicated that one teacher exceeded the maximum permissible level of daily noise exposure for employees under the health and safety legislation. Three staff approached this level and 92% of teachers were subjected to daily noise exposure which, if occurs repeatedly, is considered potentially harmful. Nine staff recorded peak noise rates in excess of the permitted limit. High levels of noise were evident when large numbers of students were located in confined areas, when they were involved in rough play or were distressed, when the students dropped heavy play equipment, and during music sessions. Further research on noise in early educational settings across different nations appears to be valuable for understanding both the scope of the problem and possible remedies. 相似文献
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Burnham D Leigh G Noble W Jones C Tyler M Grebennikov L Varley A 《Journal of deaf studies and deaf education》2008,13(3):391-404
Caption rate and text reduction are factors that appear to affect the comprehension of captions by people who are deaf or hard of hearing. These 2 factors are confounded in everyday captioning; rate (in words per minute) is slowed by text reduction. In this study, caption rate and text reduction were manipulated independently in 2 experiments to assess any differential effects and possible benefits for comprehension by deaf and hard-of-hearing adults. Volunteers for the study included adults with a range of reading levels, self-reported hearing status, and different communication and language preferences. Results indicate that caption rate (at 130, 180, 230 words per minute) and text reduction (at 84%, 92%, and 100% original text) have different effects for different adult users, depending on hearing status, age, and reading level. In particular, reading level emerges as a dominant factor: more proficient readers show better comprehension than poor readers and are better able to benefit from caption rate and, to some extent, text reduction modifications. 相似文献
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The problem of constructing functional observers for linear systems with unknown inputs is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a proper observer (without differentiations) are revisited. A simple and explicit form of a functional observer is presented. It is shown that when such observer is not proper, it is still possible to use the High-Order Sliding Mode differentiator to implement it. Nevertheless, in such case, additional conditions on the system and the unknown input are required. 相似文献
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Valery Y. Glizer Vladimir Turetsky Leonid Fridman Josef Shinar 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2012,349(2):638-657
In order to construct the guidance strategy in a realistic nonlinear noise-corrupted interception endgame against a maneuverable target, a linearized zero-sum differential game is considered. Assuming perfect information in this game, sufficient conditions are established, which guarantee that a continuous interception strategy with memory (history-dependent) has the maximal capture zone. Two examples of such a strategy are analyzed: a modified super-twisting second-order sliding mode control and a modified integral sliding mode control. Simulation results of the original nonlinear interception endgame demonstrate that these strategies considerably reduce the chattering created by the classical game optimal bang-bang strategy without deteriorating the homing performance. 相似文献
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This research seeks to contribute to current discussion of gender differences in experience of higher education. Its specific focus is to compare the assessment of various university services by male and female students. The research sample consisted of 9793 students who participated in three University of Western Sydney surveys in 2004 and 2005. The results suggest that, first, female students place higher importance on the majority of the university’s services than do male students; second, as female students advance through their studies, they appear more demanding about the quality of services, while male students remain comparatively tolerant; and third, while all students consider that some areas warrant improvement, this is significantly more so for female than for male students. Specifically, the key areas for improvement from female students’ perspective are the relevance and instructional clarity of the course and efficiency of administration. It is recommended that, considering the current trends in higher education across gender, a sharper focus on these areas for improvement action could help the university ensure equity and better manage competition. 相似文献
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The opinions of 108 teachers, about what influenced adolescent students' motivation and de-motivation, were sought through interview, at sites in each of the UK, the USA and Russia. Teachers' opinions in all three milieux were found to concur—on the positive effects of: parental interest and involvement and parental dissatisfaction; partnership with parents; teacher-student relations; symbolic and material rewards; grades and marks; success in learning—and on the negative effects of some leisure pursuits and of potential post-school unemployment. However, the meaning to be attached to such concurrence is problematised by contextualising apparent agreement within significantly differing local arrangements for, and expectations of: partnership with parents; continuity and duration of teacher-student-parent relations; the development of teachers' professional learning from experience; the deployment of praise and criticism; the pedagogical use of assessment; and the deployment of out-of-school time. Amplifying effects of peer and community subcultures, on the influence of potential unemployment, were also found to differ between contexts. It is concluded that whilst points of concurrence in teachers' opinions are of undoubted interest for any general theory of motivation to learn in school, methods which explore the conceptual system and semantic structure of the background beliefs which inform the expressed opinions that respondents express are urgently needed. The paper argues that we need to be able to model the underlying expectations and constraints which lend structure and priority to the lived experience of being schooled. 相似文献
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This paper reports findings from a large-scale international investigation of a number of factors that are considered to impact upon educational motivation and achievement. Following on from an earlier investigation of adolescent attitudes, the present study involved a detailed survey of nearly 3,000 children, aged 9-10 from districts in England, Russia and the USA, together with teacher reports and the employment of a test of basic mathematical computation. The Russian sample scored significantly more highly on the computation test and showed no large tail of underachievers, as was the case with the other groups. Findings from the survey indicate that many of the differences found in the earlier adolescent study are equally true for younger children. The Russian children were less likely to express satisfaction with their abilities or workrates, were more positive towards school, more likely to see education as intrinsically valuable and tended to spend significantly more time on homework tasks. Data obtained also suggest that the Russian sample experienced classrooms with far less disruption and stronger prosocial peer influences than did the English and American children. Teacher understandings of what is considered to be acceptable behaviour appeared to differ, however. The paper notes that the Western samples overestimated their teachers' views of their ability while the Russian children provided underestimates. Possible reasons for, and implications of, these differential teacher messages are discussed. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the findings from the study for increasing motivation and achievement in countries with very different sociocultural contexts. 相似文献
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