排序方式： 共有12条查询结果，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Reading fluency defined as speed, accuracy, and prosody, is a critical component of reading development. The purpose of this research was to compare the efficacy of automaticity versus prosody programmes on reading comprehension. The study included 122 Spanish primary-school children (74 second and 48 fourth graders), randomly assigned to one of three groups: (a) automaticity training, which consisted of repeated reading with a focus on speed and accuracy plus phonological and orthographic awareness activities; (b) prosody training, which consisted of repeated reading with a focus on expressiveness plus prosody sensitivity activities; and a (c) ‘no treatment’ control group. Multiple measures were used to determine pre-post training performance in reading fluency—automaticity and prosody—and comprehension. Prosody training proved superior to automaticity training in promoting automaticity and prosody. Prosody and automaticity training in fourth graders resulted in superior sentence comprehension compared to controls. The importance of prosody for reading development in primary school is discussed. 相似文献
2.
This article focuses on raising concern that anxiety–performance relationship theory has insufficiently catered for motoric issues during, primarily, closed and self-paced skill execution (e.g., long jump and javelin throw). Following a review of current theory, we address the under-consideration of motoric issues by extending the three-dimensional model put forward by Cheng, Hardy, and Markland (2009) (‘Toward a three-dimensional conceptualization of performance anxiety: Rationale and initial measurement development, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 271–278). This fourth dimension, termed skill establishment, comprises the level and consistency of movement automaticity together with a performer's confidence in this specific process, as providing a degree of robustness against negative anxiety effects. To exemplify this motoric influence, we then offer insight regarding current theories’ misrepresentation that a self-focus of attention toward an already well-learned skill always leads to a negative performance effect. In doing so, we draw upon applied literature to distinguish between positive and negative self-foci and suggest that on what and how a performer directs their attention is crucial to the interaction with skill establishment and, therefore, performance. Finally, implications for skill acquisition research are provided. Accordingly, we suggest a positive potential flow from applied/translational to fundamental/theory-generating research in sport which can serve to freshen and usefully redirect investigation into this long-considered but still insufficiently understood concept. 相似文献
3.
Paula J. Schwanenflugel Robin D. Morris Melanie R. Kuhn Gregory P. Strauss Jennifer M. Sieczko 《Reading and writing》2008,21(3):177-203
The purpose of the experiments was to determine the automatic use of large or small word reading units in young readers in
the absence of word decoding strategies. Picture-word Stroop interference was examined from four types of conflicting labels:
(a) words containing both highly predictable grapheme–phoneme correspondence (GPC) units and highly consistent rime units
(henceforth, Hi-GPC + Hi-Rime); (b) words with highly predictable GPC units and less consistent rime units (Hi-GPC + Lo-Rime);
(c) words with low predictability GPC units and highly consistent rime units (Low GPC + High Rime); (d) nonwords that contained
both highly predictable GPC and highly consistent rime units. Naming time for pictures containing these labels was compared
against that for pictures with random letter strings or no labels. In Experiment 1, Stroop interference was examined in first,
second, and third grade children to determine whether there was developmental change in the presence of rime or GPC interference.
In Experiment 2, Stroop interference was examined as a function of relative reading skill in first grade children. In Experiment
3, Stroop interference in adults was compared to the use of rime or GPC pronunciation strategies for nonword reading. In all
experiments, Stroop interference in picture naming was longer for pictures with highly predictable GPC unit labels than less
predictable GPC unit labels. However, in Experiment 3, even though adults showed interference from predictable GPC units in
the Stroop task, they always preferred rime pronunciation for ambiguous nonwords in the nonword reading task. It is argued
that the current experiments provide evidence for a flexible units model.
The results of this study were presented at the Cognitive Development Society meeting, November 2001, Virginia Beach, VA,
and the American Educational Research Association meeting, April 2004, San Diego, California. 相似文献
4.
The effects of computer-presented automatization exercises in a group of 14 poor readers were assessed in comparison to a
matched control group of 14 poor readers that received computer-presented exercises aimed at the use of context for word identification
and comprehension. Training took place three sessions a week for 15 minutes per session and lasted about two months in each
group. Results showed that the automatization or “speed” group progressed more than the context group in word and text reading
efficiency, and the effect transferred to more complex word types than the CVC word type that was presented in the exercises.
Both groups progressed to the same extent in accuracy, but the speed group made more progress in speed. No effects were found
for reading comprehension. The findings make clear that computer-supported automatization exercises can be effective in reducing
reading problems of poor readers in a short period of time. Implications for practice are discussed. 相似文献
5.
The mindfulness of compliance with requests making use of the commitment/consistency or the reciprocity principle was investigated. Participants (N = 129) received a foot-in-the-door (FITD) request (commitment/consistency application), a door-in-the-face (DITF) request (reciprocity application), or no request. Next, participants read either a weak or neutral message about the importance of moderate alcohol consumption then reported the likelihood of not drinking excessively for one week (target request). When accompanied by a weak message, the target request elicited less compliance if preceded by the DITF or FITD requests than by no initial request, suggesting compliance tactics sometimes increase thoughtfulness. 相似文献
6.
David F. Feldon 《Educational Psychology Review》2007,19(2):91-110
Instruction on problem solving in particular domains typically relies on explanations from experts about their strategies.
However, research indicates that such self-reports often are incomplete or inaccurate (e.g., Chao & Salvendy, 1994; Cooke & Breedin, 1994). This article evaluates research on experts’ cognition, the accuracy of experts’ self-reports, and the efficacy of instruction
based on experts’ self-reports. Analysis of this evidence indicates that experts’ free recall of strategies introduces errors
and omissions into instructional materials that hinder student success. In contrast, when experts engage in structured knowledge
elicitation techniques (e.g., cognitive task analysis), the resultant instruction is more effective. Based on these findings,
the article provides a theoretical explanation of experts’ self-report errors and discusses implications for the continued
improvement of instructional design processes.
相似文献
| David F. FeldonEmail: |
7.
Abstract We investigated the attention demands associated with implicit and explicit (motor) learning and performance using a probe reaction time paradigm. Two groups of participants learned a golf putting task over eight blocks of 50 trials performed from different distances. One group (errorless learning) began putting from the shortest distance (25 cm) and moved progressively back to the furthest distance (200 cm). A second group (errorful learning) began putting from the furthest distance (200 cm) and moved progressively closer (25 cm). Retention tests were used to assess learning in the two conditions, followed by transfer tests in which participants used either an unusual putter or a very unusual putter. Transfer to the unusual putters had an equivalent effect on the performance of both errorless and errorful learners, but probe reaction times were unaffected in the errorless learners, suggesting that execution of their movements was associated with reduced attention demands. Reducing errors during initial learning trials may encourage an implicit mode of learning and lower the demand for cognitive resources in subsequent performance. 相似文献
8.
如何对二语(second language)能力的准确性、得体性和自动性三个维度进行评价,从而揭示自动性在语言能力中的重要性,阐明如何运用心理语言学的研究方法和范式来测量评价自动性,是二语习得(Second Language Acquisition)研究领域的重要课题。对自动性语言能力测量与评价的具体操作策略以及准确评价二语习得程度的方法进行充分的研究,是二语习得研究领域中的重要任务。 相似文献
9.
Children (n = 122) and adults (n = 200) with dyslexia completed rapid automatic naming (RAN) letters, rapid automatic switching (RAS) letters and numbers,
executive function (inhibition, verbal fluency), and phonological working memory tasks. Typically developing 3rd (n = 117) and 5th (n = 103) graders completed the RAS task. Instead of analyzing RAN/RAS results the usual way (total time), growth mixture modeling
assessed trajectories of successive times for naming 10 symbols in each of five rows. For all three samples and both RAN and
RAS, two latent classes were identified. The “faster” class performed slowly on the first row and increased time by small increments on subsequent rows. The “slower” latent class performed more slowly on the first row, and children, but not adults, increased time by larger increments on subsequent rows. For children, both the initial row (automaticity index) and slope (sustained controlled processing index)
of the trajectory differentiated the classes. For adults, only the initial row separated the classes. The longest time was
on row 3 for RAN and row 4 for RAS. For the typically developing 5th graders, close in age to the children with dyslexia,
the trajectories were flatter than for children with dyslexia and only the slower class (4%) showed the peak on row 4. For
children with dyslexia, inhibition predicted RAN slope within the slower latent class and phonological working memory predicted
RAS slope for both latent classes. For adults with dyslexia, inhibition and phonological working memory differentiated both
latent classes on RAN intercept and RAS slope. Taken together, RAN, which may assess the phonological loop of working memory,
and RAS, which may assess the central executive in working memory, may explain the timing deficit in dyslexia in sustaining
coordinated orthographic-phonological processing over time.
This research was supported by Grant Ns. P50 33812 and R01 HD25858 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development,
Virginia W. Berninger, PI. 相似文献
10.
The authors’ aim was to examine the relations among mental multiplication, working memory load (WML), and automaticity by alternating the difficulty level of task characteristics. In Experiment 1, involving 30 fifth-grade students with mixed abilities, a 2 (WML) × 2 (automaticity) design was utilized. In Experiment 2, involving 21 high-achieving mathematics learners and 21 low-achieving mathematics learners in Grade 4, a 2 (WML) × 2 (automaticity) × 2 (achievement) design was utilized. Regardless of level of automaticity, individuals under low-WML conditions performed more accurately and faster. Regardless of level of WML, individuals under high automaticity conditions performed more accurately and faster. Group difference was significant. The simple effect of WML was bigger under the conditions with low automaticity, in comparison to the conditions with high automaticity. Alternating difficulty level simultaneously in 2 dimensions of testing conditions posed an amplified impact on the low-achieving group. 相似文献