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1.
In an expertise study with 94 mathematics teachers varying in their relative teacher expertise (i.e., student teachers, trainee teachers, in-service teachers), we examined effects of teachers' professional knowledge and motivational beliefs on their ability to integrate technology within a lesson plan scenario. Therefore, we assessed teachers' professional knowledge (i.e., content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, technological knowledge), and their motivational beliefs (i.e., self-efficacy, utility-value). Furthermore, teachers were asked to develop a lesson plan for introducing the Pythagorean theorem to secondary students. Lesson plans by advanced teachers (i.e., trainee teachers, in-service teachers) comprised higher levels of instructional quality and technology exploitation than the ones of novice teachers (i.e., pre-service teachers). The effect of expertise was mediated by teachers' perceived utility-value of educational technology, but not by their professional knowledge. These findings suggest that teachers’ motivational beliefs play a crucial role for effectively applying technology in mathematics instruction. 相似文献
2.
Denis Alamargot Gilles Caporossi David Chesnet Christine Ros 《Learning and individual differences》2011,21(5):505-516
This study investigated the role of working memory capacity as a factor for individual differences in the ability to compose a text with communicative efficiency based on audience awareness. We analyzed its differential effects on the dynamics of the writing processes, as well as on the content of the finished product. Twenty-five graduate students composed a procedural text explaining how to assemble a model turbine. They were free to consult a documentary source, featuring captioned pictures of turbine parts and assembly steps, at any time. Graphomotor and eye movements were recorded using ‘Eye and Pen’ software with an eye-tracker and digitizing tablet. Results showed that high WM capacity writers used a different strategy to explore the visual source, making longer writing pauses and producing more detailed procedures, and achieved the communicative goal more efficiently, by introducing more reader supports. In conclusion, we discuss the feasibility of audience awareness training. 相似文献
3.
Alandeom W. Oliveira Troy D. Sadler Daniel F. Suslak 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2007,2(1):119-150
This study examines how participation in a verbal exchange during an inquiry-based classroom activity allows three college
students and their science instructor to use linguistic signs (choices of words, grammatical structures, discursive structures,
prosody and poetic discourse) to construct authority and expertise. Our work explores linguistic and interactional processes
of identification (the dynamic construction and transaction of expert identity) and examines how discursive strategies adopted
by the professor at different moments of the verbal exchange influence the students’ subsequent discursive practices and perceptions
of authority. We adopt a dialogic, socio-constructivist perspective on identity, viewing personal identities as being partially
constructed via interactional positioning. Our findings reveal that the attainment of expertise involves two different types
of language-mediated processes: the transmission of a professional vision or intension and the emergence of a perception of
agency among students. The former is centered on referential-denotative meanings of speech (elicitation of standard account
and operational definition) while the latter requires effective use of pragmatic–performative functions of speech (non-evaluative
and more than minimal recipient practices). Consideration is given to the need for science instructors to be able to utilize
pragmatic functions of language strategically to encourage students to position themselves within the identity of science
expertise. 相似文献
4.
Classroom teaching is complex. In the classroom, teachers must readily attend to disruptions and successfully convey new tasks and information. Outside the classroom, teachers must organise their priorities that are important for successful student learning. In fact, differing gaze patterns can reveal the varying priorities that teachers have. Teacher priorities are likely to vary with classroom expertise and can conceivably change with culture too. Therefore, the present study investigated expertise related and cultural teacher priorities by analysing their gaze proportions. To obtain this data, 40 secondary school teachers wore eye-tracking glasses during class time, with 20 teachers (10 expert; 10 novice) from the UK and 20 teachers (10 expert; 10 novice) from Hong Kong. We analysed gaze proportions during teachers' attentional (i.e., information-seeking, e.g., teacher questioning students) and communicative (i.e., information-giving, e.g., teacher lecturing students) gaze. Regardless of culture, expert teachers' gaze proportions revealed prioritisation of students, whereas novice teachers gave priority to non-instructional (i.e., not students, teacher materials, or student materials) classroom regions. Hong Kong teachers prioritised teacher materials (e.g., whiteboard) during communicative gaze whereas UK teachers prioritised non-instructional regions. Regarding culture-specific expertise, with Hong Kong experts prioritised teacher materials more than UK experts who, in turn, did so more than UK novices. We thus demonstrate the role of implicit teacher gaze measures as micro-level indicators of macro-level and explicit aspects of instruction, namely teacher priority. 相似文献
5.
Jorge Ibáñez-Gijón Martinus Buekers Antoine Morice Guillaume Rao Nicolas Mascret Jérome Laurin 《Journal of sports sciences》2017,35(3):290-301
After more than 20 years since the introduction of ecological and dynamical approaches in sports research, their promising opportunity for interdisciplinary research has not been fulfilled yet. The complexity of the research process and the theoretical and empirical difficulties associated with an integrated ecological-dynamical approach have been the major factors hindering the generalisation of interdisciplinary projects in sports sciences. To facilitate this generalisation, we integrate the major concepts from the ecological and dynamical approaches to study behaviour as a multi-scale process. Our integration gravitates around the distinction between functional (ecological) and execution (organic) scales, and their reciprocal intra- and inter-scale constraints. We propose an (epistemological) scale-based definition of constraints that accounts for the concept of synergies as emergent coordinative structures. To illustrate how we can operationalise the notion of multi-scale synergies we use an interdisciplinary model of locomotor pointing. To conclude, we show the value of this approach for interdisciplinary research in sport sciences, as we discuss two examples of task-specific dimensionality reduction techniques in the context of an ongoing project that aims to unveil the determinants of expertise in basketball free throw shooting. These techniques provide relevant empirical evidence to help bootstrap the challenging modelling efforts required in sport sciences. 相似文献
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7.
We investigated the role of practice in the acquisition of chess expertise by submitting a questionnaire to 104 players of different skill levels. Players had to report their chess rating, the number of hours of individual and group practice, their use of different learning resources and activities, and whether they had been trained by a coach. The use of archival data enabled us to track the rating of some of the players throughout their career. We found that there was a strong correlation between chess skill and number of hours of practice. Moreover, group practice was a better predictor of high-level performance than individual practice. We also found that masters had a higher chess rating than expert players after only three years of serious dedication to chess, although there were no differences in the number of hours of practice. The difference that may explain the variation in rating is that masters start practising at an earlier age than experts. Finally, we found that activities such as reading books and using computer software (game databases, but not playing programs) were important for the development of high-level performance. Together with previous data and theories of expert performance, our results indicate limits in the deliberate practice framework and make suggestions on how best to carry out learning in chess and in other fields. 相似文献
8.
The purpose of this paper is to propose a new approach to research on gender differences in science that uses the work on
expertise in science as a framework for understanding gender differences. Because gender differences in achievement and participation
in the sciences are largest in physics, the focus of this review is on physics. The nature of expertise is first discussed
and a framework that focuses on factors that influence the emergence of expertise in physics is presented. This is used to
interpret what is known about gender differences in science, particularly physics. Next, the potential contributions of the
research on gender differences to our understanding of expertise are discussed. Using what is learned from these two areas
of research, recommendations are made for future research examining gender differences in physics. It is suggested that such
an approach be used for other areas of science, such as chemistry, where large gender differences in achievement and participation
also exist. 相似文献
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10.
Slava Kalyuga 《Educational Psychology Review》2007,19(4):509-539
The interactions between levels of learner prior knowledge and effectiveness of different instructional techniques and procedures
have been intensively investigated within a cognitive load framework since mid-90s. This line of research has become known
as the expertise reversal effect. Apart from their cognitive load theory-based prediction and explanation, patterns of empirical
findings on the effect fit well those in studies of Aptitude Treatment Interactions (ATI) that were originally initiated in
mid-60s. This paper reviews recent empirical findings associated with the expertise reversal effect, their interpretation
within cognitive load theory, relations to ATI studies, implications for the design of learner-tailored instructional systems,
and some recent experimental attempts of implementing these findings into realistic adaptive learning environments. 相似文献