| 中国不同历史时期的钢铁工业共生体系及其演进分析 |
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| 引用本文： | 于 冰,石 磊.中国不同历史时期的钢铁工业共生体系及其演进分析[J].资源科学,2009,31(11):1907-1918. |
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| 作者姓名： | 于 冰 石 磊 |
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| 作者单位： | 清华大学环境科学与工程系国家环境保护生态工业重点实验室,北京,100084 |
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| 摘 要： | 中国钢铁冶炼技术发展至今已近3000年,其核心工艺不断变化,燃料结构不断优化,所延伸的共生体系不断变迁.在文献综述、企业调研和专家访谈的基础上,本文梳理辨析了中国不同历史时期9种典型钢铁工业共生体系,其中古代(1840年鸦片战争爆发之前)块炼铁炉-固体渗碳炼钢流程、坩埚炉-固体脱碳炼钢流程、竖炉-固体脱碳炼钢流程典型钢铁共生体系等共3种,近代(1840年～1949年)化铁炉-贝色麦炉/西门子马丁炉流程典型钢铁工业共生体系等共1种,现代(1949年至今)高炉-平炉流程、高炉-转炉流程、(废钢-)电炉短流程、直接还原-电炉流程、熔融还原-转炉流程典型钢铁工业共生体系等共5种.分析表明,钢铁工业共生体系演进的基础是主流程,核心是炼铁环节;钢铁工业在铁、钢、材供应链上已经高度一体化,在流程模块上高度专业化,在物质和能量利用上高度集成化;钢铁工业演进在加速的同时,其动力机制也变得越趋复杂,环境因素的作用日益突出.同时指出,钢铁工业共生体系演进受到资源获取、技术进步、规模经济和范围经济的共同作用,其演进机制和贡献分析有赖于进一步的定量分析.
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| 关 键 词： | 钢铁工业 工业共生 生态演进 生态化发展 |
Typical Iron and Steel Industrial Symbiosis Systems in China's History and Their Evolution Processes |
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| YU Bing and SHI Lei.Typical Iron and Steel Industrial Symbiosis Systems in China's History and Their Evolution Processes[J].Resources Science,2009,31(11):1907-1918. |
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| Authors: | YU Bing and SHI Lei |
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| Abstract: | Technology of iron and steel making has been developed for three thousand years in China, with changes in core processes, the adjustment of fuel structures and evolution of industrial symbiosis systems. Based on literature review, experts interview and field investigations, the authors extensively summarized nine kinds of typical iron and steel industrial symbiosis systems in China' s history, i.e., 1) three kinds of typical iron and steel symbiosis systems in ancient China (before the Opium War in 1840) including bloomery iron furnace-solid carburizing steel making, pot furnace-solid decarburizing steel making, shaft furnace-solid decarburizing steel making; 2) one kind of typical iron and steel industrial symbiosis system in modern China (1840～1949), cupola-Bessemer converter/Siemens-Martin open hearth furnace; 3) five kinds of typical iron and steel industrial symbiosis systems in modern China (1949 up to now) including blast furnace-open hearth furnace, blast furnace-converter, (scrap-) electric arc furnace, direct reduction furnace-electric arc furnace, and smelting reduction furnace-converter. Results show that the evolution of iron and steel industrial symbiosis systems was primarily based on the change of core processes, particularly on iron-making production. From history, some characteristics of the evolution can be observed and generalized, such as a high integration of the supply chains of iron, steel and steel products, the industrial specialization with the emergence of sinter, pellet hot metal pretreatment and steel refinement, the process integration among core processes, auxiliary processes and symbiosis processes. With the development of iron and steel industry, evolution mechanisms became more complex and diverse. Recently, environmental issues play a more and more prominent role in the evolution. Besides resource availability, technological improvement and environmental issues, economics of scale and scope also contribute to the evolution. However, its mechanisms and contributions need to be further quantitatively studied. Blast furnace-converter, (scrap-) electric arc furnace, direct reduction furnace-electric arc furnace, smelting reduction furnace-converter are the major iron and steel industrial symbiosis systems in the future. Some suggestions are also given for iron and steel corporations, like improving iron and steel making processes and production routes to increase the iron utilization efficiency of core processes, ensuring auxiliary processes to provide adequate and superior-quality resources and energy for core processes, perfecting symbiosis processes of iron and steel production to improve resources and energy utilization efficiency and to reduce environmental pollution, which would ultimately lead to the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction. |
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| Keywords: | Iron and steel industry Industrial symbiosis Ecological evolution Eco-development |
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