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从《科学:无止境的前沿》到美国科学基金会——美国科技政策过程的一个经典案例
引用本文:李宁,赵兰香.从《科学:无止境的前沿》到美国科学基金会——美国科技政策过程的一个经典案例[J].科学学研究,2017,35(6):824-833.
作者姓名:李宁  赵兰香
作者单位:1. Eastern Washington University
2.
摘    要:本文旨在回顾与分析了从《科学:无止境的前沿》发表到美国科学基金会(NSF)建立的政策过程。本文首先简要介绍了美国公共政策过程的主要阶段,概括了NSF建立的政策过程,以及政策专家和主要参与者的作用。随后,按照议程设定、政策设计、政策择定和政策实施的顺序详细回顾了NSF的案例。通过分析讨论,提出了如下观点:(1)美国战后的科学政策是保守与自由两种理念共同作用的结果;(2)NSF的成立过程充满了争论、妥协,与各利益团体的相互作用;(3)这个过程中,没有完全的胜利者,也没有完全的失败者。Bush本人赢得了理念,但部分输掉了机构设计。

关 键 词:NSF  科学政策  政策过程
收稿时间:2016-10-20;

Science,the Endless Frontier and the Establishment of the National Science Foundation -- A Case Study of the US Science Policy Process
Abstract:This paper traces and analyzes the public policy process from the Report Science, the Endless Frontier to the establishment of the National Science Foundation (NSF). A brief overview of the policy process is presented; major policy entrepreneurs and key participants in the policy process are identified. Each stage of policy-making process is discussed in detail following the sequence of agenda setting, alternative specification, authoritative choice among alternatives, and policy implementation. The author argues that: (1) the postwar science policy was greatly influenced by a hybrid of two popular concepts: the conservative and the liberal; (2) the policy process of NSF was filled with debates, compromises, and interactions among key players; and (3) there were no absolutely winners or losers in this policy process, i.e., Bush finally triumphed in his ideas but partially failed his version of organizational design.
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